Acute Hormonal Responses to Multi-Joint Resistance Exercises with Blood Flow Restriction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of multi-joint resistance exercises (MJRE) with blood flow restriction on hormonal responses. Ten men participated in the study and underwent two experimental protocols in random order: four sets (30, 15, 15, and 15 reps, respectively) of MJRE (half squat and horizontal chest press) were performed with 20% of 1RM and a rest time between sets of 30 s, combined with intermittent blood flow restriction (LI + BFR protocol); and four sets (8, 8, 8, 20 reps, respectively) of the same MJRE performed with 75% of 1RM load (HI protocol), with a 90 s rest between the first three sets and 30 s between the third to the fourth set. Blood samples were collected before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 15 min after the performance of MJRE (POST15). A time effect was observed for growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like-growth-factor-1-binding-protein-3 (IGFPB-3), but no protocol effects or interactions between protocol and times were observed (p > 0.05). There was no effect of either protocol or time (p > 0.05) on total testosterone, free testosterone, or cortisol concentrations. However, significant (p < 0.05) increases were observed in the GH serum concentrations of 2072.73% and 2278.5%, HI, and LI + BFR protocols, respectively, from the PRE to POST15 test. In addition, there was an increase of 15.30% and 13.29% in the IGFPB-3 concentrations (p < 0.05) from PRE to POST0 times for HI and LI + BFR protocols, respectively. Furthermore, there was a decrease of 6.17% and 11.54%, p = 0.00, between the times POST0 to POST15 in the IGFPB-3 for the HI and LI + BFR protocols, respectively. It is concluded that multi-joint resistance exercises combined with intermittent blood flow restriction seemed to promote acute hormonal responses in a manner similar to traditional exercise with high loads. Future studies may investigate whether chronic use of LI + BFR with MJRE may promote muscle hypertrophy

Richness, diversity, and factors influencing occupancy of mammal communities across human-modified landscapes in Colombia

As human-modified landscapes are increasing in the tropics, it becomes critical to understand how they affect mammal communities to reconcile conservation and development. We combined land cover information and camera-trapping data to explore the effects of agricultural expansion on mammals in the Magdalena river valley of Colombia. We estimated species diversity, evenness, and dominance across two agricultural landscapes, modified by cattle ranching and oil palm cultivation. We further assessed which variables influence species- and community-level occupancy using multi-species occupancy models. Results highlight that modified landscapes display lower species richness, diversity and evenness, and higher dominance than more pristine sites. Residual forest cover and distance to water had significant effect on community occupancy (positive and negative respectively). Forests were particularly important for pumas, ocelots, lowland pacas, Central American agoutis, and crab-eating raccoons while wetlands had a positive effect on jaguars, the apex predator in the region. The influence of anthropogenic pressure was not clearly evident, though pastures were not valuable habitats for any mammal species, as they had a negative, yet not significant, effect on species and community occupancy. In light of rapidly expanding agriculture across the tropics, our findings highlight species-specific responses to disturbance that can inform land use planning and conservation policies. We stress the conservation value of forest and wetland habitat to mammal occupancy in heterogeneous ecosystems. Moreover, our results demonstrate that oil palm and crop expansion should target existing pastures, which displayed limited conservation value for Neotropical mammals but occupy vast swathes of land across Latin America

Hunting sustainability, species richness and carnivore conservation in Colombian Amazonia

Colombia embraces 7% of the Amazon basin, a worldwide conservation priority ecosystem, and most of it overlaps with indigenous territories. Some indigenous communities live inside protected areas and the impact of people in parks on biodiversity is uncertain. This work compares harvests measures hunting sustainability from indigenous people, prey species richness and carnivore density in a protected area and an unprotected area in Amazonia. Field data collection was collected for 14 months by recording hunting harvests from indigenous groups inside and outside Amacayacu National Park and camera trapping in their respective hunting catchment areas. Hunting harvests, catchment areas sizes and hunters effort where comparable between sites, Catch Per Unit (CPU) effort was slightly here in the unprotected site, nevertheless hunters harvested equal biomass to those in the park. Hunting of the largest mammal species at both sites showed evidence of unsustainable extraction rates and were taken more often than expected from availability. The majority of hunting occurred within 15 km from towns and hunting within the first 5 km was higher in the unprotected area. Relative abundance indexes of game species presented no strong difference between sites. Edge effect from hunting towns was evident at a large scale and the probability of detecting game species and carnivores farther from town was significantly higher. Jaguar (Panthera onca) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), densities did not vary significantly outside or inside the park. These densities are reported for the first time in Colombia. Prey base of indigenous communities showed decreased abundance outside the park, and the continuing hunting pressure could drive large game species to local extinction, unless limits to human increase and sustainable hunting is achieved, particularly in the unprotected area

Propuesta de comunicación para la fundación mi cuerpo es mi historia

La publicidad, tiene un papel destacado cuando se trata de comunicar mensajes simples, fáciles de comprender y que hagan énfasis en dar a conocer ciertas características evidentes, o fácilmente observables en los diferentes productos que nos rodean. Sin embargo, para transmitir ideas complejas, la comunicación requiere de un proceso diferente, que permita a los receptores captar en realidad, el mensaje que se quiere llevar sin que haya un sesgo en el mercado objetivo por una mala explotación del mensaje, y una vez claro lo que se quiere comunicar, poder obtener resultados, mediante un cambio de comportamiento que es el verdadero objetivo de transmitir o comunicar ideas complejas.Advertising, has an important role when it comes to communicating simple messages, so that is easy to understand and it emphasize disclose certain characteristics that seem obvious or easily observable in several products that surround us. However, to convey complex ideas, the communication requires a different process, allowing recipients actually grasp the message you want to carry with no bias in the target market due to poor operation of the message and once what you want to communicate is clear, get results by a change in behavior that is the real purpose of transmitting or communicating complex ideas

Acute Hormonal Responses to Multi-Joint Resistance Exercises with Blood Flow Restriction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of multi-joint resistance exercises (MJRE) with blood flow restriction on hormonal responses. Ten men participated in the study and underwent two experimental protocols in random order: four sets (30, 15, 15, and 15 reps, respectively) of MJRE (half squat and horizontal chest press) were performed with 20% of 1RM and a rest time between sets of 30 s, combined with intermittent blood flow restriction (LI + BFR protocol); and four sets (8, 8, 8, 20 reps, respectively) of the same MJRE performed with 75% of 1RM load (HI protocol), with a 90 s rest between the first three sets and 30 s between the third to the fourth set. Blood samples were collected before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 15 min after the performance of MJRE (POST15). A time effect was observed for growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like-growth-factor-1-binding-protein-3 (IGFPB-3), but no protocol effects or interactions between protocol and times were observed (p &gt; 0.05). There was no effect of either protocol or time (p &gt; 0.05) on total testosterone, free testosterone, or cortisol concentrations. However, significant (p &lt; 0.05) increases were observed in the GH serum concentrations of 2072.73% and 2278.5%, HI, and LI + BFR protocols, respectively, from the PRE to POST15 test. In addition, there was an increase of 15.30% and 13.29% in the IGFPB-3 concentrations (p &lt; 0.05) from PRE to POST0 times for HI and LI + BFR protocols, respectively. Furthermore, there was a decrease of &minus;6.17% and &minus;11.54%, p = 0.00, between the times POST0 to POST15 in the IGFPB-3 for the HI and LI + BFR protocols, respectively. It is concluded that multi-joint resistance exercises combined with intermittent blood flow restriction seemed to promote acute hormonal responses in a manner similar to traditional exercise with high loads. Future studies may investigate whether chronic use of LI + BFR with MJRE may promote muscle hypertrophy

Cardiorespiratory, enzymatic and hormonal responses during and after walking while fasting.

The aim of the present study was to observe whether performing a low intensity endurance exercise following an overnight fasted (FAST) or fed (FED) condition promotes different cardiorespiratory, enzymatic and hormonal responses. Nine male physical active subjects, (age 21.89 ± 2.52 years old, height 175.89 ± 5.16 cm, weight 72.10 ± 4.31 kg, estimated body fat 7.25 ± 2.11%), randomly performed two sessions of 45 minutes' low intensity exercise (individual ventilator threshold) interspersed by seven days, differentiated only in whether they were provided with a standardized meal or not. The oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously at the 30-min rest, the 45-min during and the 30-min post-exercise. The testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) hormones were measured at rest, immediately post-exercise and 15-min post-exercise. The Glucose (GLU), Free fatty acids (FFA) and enzyme lipase activity (ELP) were measured at rest, 15-min and 30-min exercise, immediately, 15-min and 30-min post-exercise. Significantly lower values were observed in FED compared to FAST with: C (nmol/L) from pre (428.87 ± 120.41; 454.62 ± 148.33, respectively) to immediately post-exercise (285.10 ± 85.86; 465.66 ± 137.70, respectively) and 15-min post-exercise (248.00 ± 87.88; 454.31 ± 112.72, respectively) (p<0.05); and GLU at all times, with an exception at 15-min post-exercise. The testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C) was significantly higher in the FED compared with FAST from pre (0.05 ± 0.02, 0.05 ± 0.01, respectively) to 15-min post-exercise (0.08 ± 0.03, 0.05 ± 0.02, respectively). No other significant differences were observed between conditions. We conclude that fasting prior to low intensity endurance exercise does not seem be advantageous, when it comes to fat loss, compared with the same exercise performed after a meal

Mean ± standard deviation (confidence interval 95%) of subtract used during exercise in FAST and FED conditions.

<p>Mean ± standard deviation (confidence interval 95%) of subtract used during exercise in FAST and FED conditions.</p

Mean ± standard deviation (confidence interval 95%) of the absolute (VO₂A) and relative oxygen consumption (VO₂R), heart rate (HR) and respiratory-exchange ratio (RER) during walking.

<p>Mean ± standard deviation (confidence interval 95%) of the absolute (VO₂A) and relative oxygen consumption (VO₂R), heart rate (HR) and respiratory-exchange ratio (RER) during walking.</p

Mean ± standard deviation (confidence interval 95%) of the oxygen consumption in rest and during the 30 min of recovery (VO₂ rec).

<p>Mean ± standard deviation (confidence interval 95%) of the oxygen consumption in rest and during the 30 min of recovery (VO₂ rec).</p

Mean ± standard deviation of glucose (GLU), lipase enzyme (ELP) and fat free acids (FFA) at rest, during walking exercise and 30 min post-exercise in FAST and FED condition.

<p>Mean ± standard deviation of glucose (GLU), lipase enzyme (ELP) and fat free acids (FFA) at rest, during walking exercise and 30 min post-exercise in FAST and FED condition.</p