Text Mining - A Toolbox for Text Classification

Nesta tese, irá ser explorado em profundidade o processo de text mining e classificação de documentos. O foco principal será no desenvolvimento de uma plataforma capaz de executar operações de extração de dados, processamento de linguagem natural, classificação de dados e avaliação dos modelos construidos, de um conjunto de documentos classificados. Isto vai ser integrado com um conjuntos de dados sobre analise de sentimentos , onde os documentos são baseados em polaridade, classificados em positivos ou negativos. Irá ser feita uma avaliação da precisão dos algoritmos de processamento, e uma comparação em profundidade entre os vários usados neste processo. Foi tido como objetivo produzir uma aplicação amigável para o utilizador, capaz de fornecer várias ferramentas para text mining e análise preditiva, com a integração de um conjunto de dados de polaridade.In this thesis it will be explored in depth the process of text mining and further document classification. The main focus will be the development of a platform capable of achieving op- erations of data extraction, natural language processing, classification of data, and evaluation of constructed models, from a corpus of labeled documents. This will be integrated with a sentiment analysis dataset where the documents are polarity based, classified as positive or negative. It will be made an evaluation of the accuracy in the processing algorithms and an in depth comparison between the different ones used although this process. It was aimed to produce a user-friendly application, capable of providing the user with tools of text mining and predictive analysis with the integration of a polarity dataset

Surgical site infection: An observer-blind, randomized trial comparing electrocautery and conventional scalpel

AbstractAimTo evaluate the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) based on the type of scalpel used for incisions in the skin and in subcutaneous tissues.MethodsObserver-blind, randomized equivalence clinical trial with two arms (electrocautery versus conventional scalpel) which evaluated 133 women undergoing elective abdominal gynecologic oncology surgery. A simple randomization stratified by body mass index (BMI: 30 kg/m2) was carried out. Women were evaluated at 14 and 30 days following the operation. A multivariate analysis was performed in order to check whether the type of scalpel would be a risk factor for SSI.ResultsGroup arms were balanced for all variables, excepted for surgical time, which was significantly higher in the electrocautery group (mean: 161.1 versus 203.5 min, P = 0.029). The rates of SSI were 7.4% and 9.7%, respectively, for the conventional scalpel and electrocautery groups (P = 0.756). The exploratory multivariate model identified body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 (OR = 24.2, 95% CI: 2.8–212.1) and transverse surgical incision (OR = 8.1, 95% CI: 1.5–42.6) as independent risk factors for SSI. The type of scalpel used in surgery, when adjusted for these variables and the surgery time, was not a risk factor for SSI.ConclusionThis study showed that the SSI rates for conventional scalpel and electrocautery were not significantly different. These results were consistent with others reported in the literature and would not allow a surgeon to justify scalpel choice based on SSI.Trial number: NCT01410175 (Clinical Trials – NIH)

Tendência e Características da Sífilis Congênita e Materna no Rio de Janeiro: 2007-2017: Trend and Characteristics of Congenital and Maternal Syphilis in Rio de Janeiro: 2007-2017

Introduction: Our aim was to describe the profile of congenital (CS), gestational syphilis (GS) notifications and temporal analysis of the incidence rate in the SINAN database, between 2007 and 2017 in Rio de Janeiro State. Methods: This quantitative, descriptive study used data from CS-SINAN and GS-SINAN databases. The temporal analysis was done through polynomial regression models using incidence rate annual distribution. Results: In CS-SINAN we observed progressive notification; 93.4% were from children up to six days old and lethality rate was 2.4%. It was found that 46,5% of CS cases’ mothers detected syphilis at prenatal and only 11.8% of sexual partners were treated. In GS-SINAN there was growth in notification and predominated women aged 20 to 30 years old, earlier diagnosed in prenatal care over the years. We found reduction of vertical transmission through the years. The temporal analysis of the incidence rates revealed a trend of growth in both CS and GS. Conclusion: Our data suggests that the increased detection in GS has slowed the spread of CS, yet the progressive annual increase in case number demonstrates that syphilis is not controlled, therefore, measures to ensure prenatal care, sexual partner treatment and health care training should be prioritized.Objetivo: Describir el perfil de las notificaciones de sífilis congénita (CS) y sífilis gestacional (SG) y el análisis temporal de las tasas de incidencia en la base de datos del SINAN, de 2007 a 2017 en el Estado de Río de Janeiro. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, se utilizó información del SC-SINAN y SG-SINAN. El análisis temporal probó modelos de regresión polinómica utilizando la distribución de la tasa de incidencia anual. Resultados: En SC-SINAN hay un aumento progresivo de notificaciones; El 93,4% eran niños ≤6 días y la tasa de letalidad fue del 2,4%. El 46,5% de las madres de casos de SC diagnosticó sífilis en el control prenatal y solo el 11,8% de las parejas la trató. En el SG-SINAN crecieron las notificaciones, principalmente en mujeres de 20 a 30 años, con un diagnóstico cada vez más precoz a lo largo de los años. Hubo una reducción en la transmisión vertical. El análisis temporal de la tasa de incidencia revela una tendencia al alza tanto para SC cuanto para SG. Conclusión: estos datos sugieren que el aumento en la detección de GS redujo la expansión de SC, aunque el aumento anual en el número de casos demuestra que la sífilis no se controla, por lo tanto, medidas que garanticen la atención prenatal, el tratamiento de la pareja sexual y la capacitación en salud. debe ser priorizado.Objetivo: Descrever o perfil das notificações de sífilis congênita (SC) e sífilis gestacional (SG) e da análise temporal das taxas de incidência no banco de dados do SINAN, no período de 2007 a 2017 no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo utilizou informações do SC-SINAN e SG-SINAN. A análise temporal testou modelos de regressão polinomial utilizando a distribuição anual da taxa de incidência. Resultados: No SC-SINAN observa-se aumento progressivo nas notificações; 93,4% eram crianças ≤ 6 dias e taxa de letalidade foi 2,4%. Das mães dos casos de SC, 46,5% foram diagnosticadas com sífilis no pré-natal e apenas 11,8% dos parceiros trataram. No SG-SINAN, as notificações cresceram, principalmente em mulheres de 20 a 30 anos, com o diagnóstico cada vez mais precoce com o passar dos anos. Houve redução na transmissão vertical. A análise temporal da taxa de incidência revela uma tendência de crescimento tanto da SC quanto SG. Conclusão: Estes dados sugerem que o aumento na detecção da SG reduziu a expansão da SC, ainda que o aumento anual no número de casos demonstre que a sífilis não está controlada, portanto medidas que garantam a assistência pré-natal, o tratamento do parceiro sexual e o treinamento em saúde deveriam ser priorizados

Transfusion practices in brazilian Intensive Care Units (pelo FUNDO-AMIB)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anemia of critical illness is a multifactorial condition caused by blood loss, frequent phlebotomies and inadequate production of red blood cells (RBC). Controversy surrounds the most appropriate hemoglobin concentration trigger for transfusion of RBC. We aimed to evaluate transfusion practices in Brazilian ICUs. METHODS: A prospective study throughout a 2-week period in 19 Brazilian ICUs. Hemoglobin (Hb) level, transfusion rate, organ dysfunction assessment and 28-day mortality were evaluated. Primary indication for transfusion and pretransfusion hemoglobin level were collected for each transfusion. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-one patients with an ICU length of stay longer than 48h were included. An Hb level lower than 10 g/dL was found in 33% on admission in the ICU. A total of 348 RBC units were transfused in 86 patients (36.5%). The mean pretransfusion hemoglobin level was 7.7 ± 1.1 g/dL. Transfused-patients had significantly higher SOFA score (7.9 ± 4.6 vs 5.6 ± 3.8, p < 0.05, respectively), days on mechanical ventilation (10.7 ± 8.2 vs 7.2 ± 6.4, p < 0.05) and days on vasoactive drugs (6.7 ± 6.4 vs 4.2 ± 4.0, p < 0.05) than non-transfused patients despite similar APACHE II scores (15.2 ± 8.1 vs 14.2 ± 8.1, NS). Transfused patients had higher mortality rate (43.5%) than non-transfused patients (36.3%) (RR 0.60-1.15, NS). Only one patient (0.28%) had febrile non-hemolytic transfusion and urticarial reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is common in critically ill patients.It seems from the present study that transfusion practices in Brazil have had a more restrictive approach with a lower limit transfusion trigger.JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anemia é uma condição comum em pacientes graves. A transfusão de hemoderivados aumenta de forma significativa o risco de transmissão de agentes infecciosos e afeta o perfil imunológico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência de anemia e a prática de transfusão de hemácias em UTI brasileiras. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, multicêntrico, realizado em 19 UTI em um período de duas semanas. A presença de anemia, as indicações e a utilização de concentrados de hemácias, foram avaliadas diariamente. As complicações que ocorreram durante a internação na UTI e após a transfusão da primeira unidade de concentrado de hemácias foram registradas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 33% apresentava anemia na admissão na UTI e esta proporção aumentou para 55% no final de sete dias de internação. Um total de 348 unidades de concentrado de hemácias foi transfundido em 86 pacientes (36,5%). A média de suas unidades por paciente foi 4,1 ± 3,3 U. O nível de hemoglobina limiar para a transfusão de CH foi 7,7 ± 1,1 g/dL. Pacientes transfundidos tinham mais disfunções orgânicas avaliadas pelo escore SOFA (7,9 ± 4,6 versus 5,6 ± 3,8, transfundidos versus não transfundidos, p < 0,05). As taxas de mortalidade foram 43,5% e 36,3% em pacientes transfundidos e não transfundidos, respectivamente (RR 0,61-11,7, NS). Pacientes transfundidos tiveram número maior de complicações (1,58 ± 0,66 versus 1,33 ± 0,49, p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: A anemia é comum em UTI brasileiras. O limiar transfusional de hemoglobina foi menor do que o observado em outros paises.Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio PretoUniversidade de São PauloUFRGS Departamento de Medicina Interna HC de Porto AlegreUniversidade Paris VIUFRJ CTI dos Hospitais Cardiotrauma Ipanema e São LucasAMIBUniversidade Estadual de LondrinaUFRGS FAMED HCPAFaculdade de Medicina de CatanduvaUNIFESP-EPMFundação Padre Albino UTI do Complexo HospitalarUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Disciplina de Anestesiologia, Dor e Terapia Intensiva Setor de TerapiaSanta Casa de Misericórdia de São PauloHospital Unimed de LimeiraUTI do Hospital Regional de AssisAMIB Departamento de MedicinaAmerican CollegeFundação Getúlio VargasHospital Pró CardíacoUNIRIOFGVHospital Santa Helena de GoiâniaHospital evangélico de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim Unidade coronarianaSBNHospital Evangélico Cachoeiro de Itapemirim UTI Adulto e CoronarianaUFRJUFRN Hospital Onofre Lopes UTIHospital Novo AtibaiaUNIFESP, EPMUNIFESP, Disciplina de Anestesiologia, Dor e Terapia Intensiva Setor de TerapiaSciEL

Doença de Chagas na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira: panorama epidemiológico no período de 2007 a 2018

Introduction: Chagas disease (CD) is a disease caused by the protozoan flagellates of the Kinetoplastid order Trypanosoma cruzi. Approximately 8,000,000 people are infected worldwide, mainly in Latin America, causing disabilities and more than 10,000 deaths per year. Objective: This study aimed to describe the epidemiological panorama of CD in the Western Brazilian Amazon from 2007 to 2018. Methods: In this ecological study, secondary data regarding the confirmed cases of T. cruzi infection in the states of Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, and Roraima were collected from the Single Health System Notification Information System of the Department of Informatics of the Single Health System and were analyzed. The data were used to characterize the epidemiological profile of T. cruzi infection and to determine the frequency of infection in Western Amazonia. Results: A total of 184 cases of CD were reported in Western Amazonia, and the highest number of cases was reported in the states of Amazonas and Acre. Conclusion: The epidemiological panorama of the Western Brazilian Amazon from 2007 to 2018 includes a greater number of cases of T. cruzi infection in men aged 20–39 years and those living in rural areas. Oral transmission was prevalent in the region during the study, and the highest number of cases was reported in the months of April and December. Epidemiological data are an important resource for understanding the dynamics of CD and the main aspects related to the health-disease process.Introdução: A doença de Chagas (DC) é uma enfermidade causada pelo protozoário flagelado da ordem Kinetoplastida denominado Trypanosoma cruzi. Estima-se que oito milhões de pessoas estejam infectadas em todo o mundo, principalmente na América Latina, causando incapacidades e mais de dez mil mortes por ano. Objetivo: Descrever o panorama epidemiológico da doença de Chagas na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira no período de 2007 a 2018. Método: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico e com coleta e análise de dados referentes aos casos confirmados de infecção por T. cruzi nos estados do Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia e Roraima, por meio de fontes secundárias oriundos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SINAN) do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Os dados foram utilizados para caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos infectados por T. cruzi e determinar a frequência da infecção na Amazônia Ocidental. Resultados: Houve a notificação de 184 casos de doença de Chagas na Amazônia Ocidental com mais registros nos estados do Amazonas e Acre. Conclusão: O panorama epidemiológico da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira no período de 2007 a 2018, compreende uma maior quantidade de casos em indivíduos do sexo masculino, na faixa etária dos 20-39 anos, e provenientes de zona rural.  A forma de contágio prevalente na região durante o estudo foi a oral e a maior sazonalidade compreendeu os meses de abril e dezembro. Dados epidemiológicos são um importante recurso para a compreensão da dinâmica da DC e os principais aspectos relacionados no processo saúde-doença.

Checklist of the birds of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: diversity and conservation

Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Maciço do Urucum) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat

Checklist of the birds of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: diversity and conservation

Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Maciço do Urucum) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio