Estudantes com Autismo na Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro: uma análise dos espaços didáticos para melhorar a ambientação: Students with Autism at the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro: an analysis of didactic spaces to improve the setting

O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) se caracteriza por déficits na interação e na comunicação social, com comportamentos restritos, repetitivos e/ou estereotipados. Pessoas com TEA geralmente têm condições concomitantes de déficits sensoriais, e a boa ambientação dos seus espaços de uso é fundamental para a qualidade de vida e o bom desempenho acadêmico. Este trabalho descreve os espaços didáticos utilizados pelos estudantes de graduação de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, e propõe adequações que podem ser realizadas pela administração nos curto e médio prazos para atender ao que é proposto pelo índice ASPECTSS™, conceito de design para o autismo. Há três medidas comuns a todos os espaços que melhorariam de imediato a ambientação de estudantes autistas: i) garantia de ventilação adequada, ii) garantia de iluminação adequada, e ii) redução do número de estudantes por turma. No caso dos espaços de aulas práticas, a reorganização arquitetônica é mais difícil, mas os docentes podem modificar a forma de condução das atividades práticas para atender, ao mesmo em parte, ao que é indicado no índice ASPECTSS™. Os espaços verdes da UENF podem ser reorganizados para funcionarem como espaços de fuga para estudantes autistas em momentos de estresse ou crise sensorial. Este trabalho recomenda à administração da UENF consulta a NR-17, a NBR ISO 8995-1 e ao Manual de Ambientes Didáticos organizado pela Fundação Universidade do Tocantins, que descreve diretrizes para layout, equipamentos e conforto ambiental para atender a inclusão educacional na universidade

Description of a new species, Pintomyia dissimilis nov. sp., a phlebotomine fossil from Dominican Republic amber (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Phlebotomine sandflies are the vectors of etiological agents of leishmaniases in several areas of the world. In the Neotropical Region, the biodiversity of these insects is more than other regions, probably due the long evolutionary period of this group. Miocene amber from Dominican Republic, currently, has a record of 14 extinct species of Phlebotomine sandflies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>This paper describes a new fossil species of phlebotomine sandfly from amber found in Dominican Republic. This new species is based on morphological characters of a male such as 5° palpomere longer than 3° + 4°, three well-developed spines in the gonostyle, lateral lobe longer than gonocoxite and permit inclusion of the new species in the genus <it>Pintomyia</it>, series <it>serrana</it>. The paramere, with a curvature in the ventral margin, of the middle of the structure, separates the new species from the others fossils or extant species.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The new species described in the present study named <it>Pintomyia dissimilis </it>nov. sp. is well differenciated from all known species in this genus.</p

Audiovisual documents, information and memory : results of photographic collections identification in Brasilia

Evento realizado pela Associação Nacional de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação (ANCIB) e organizado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal da Bahia (PPGCI/UFBA).Esta comunicação apresenta os resultados finais do projeto “Documentos Audiovisuais, Informação e Memória: identificação de acervos fotográficos e fílmicos no Distrito Federal”, financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, que mapeou a produção e a acumulação de registros audiovisuais no Distrito Federal, abrangendo a cidade de Brasília, nesta primeira fase. Para relatar a finalização dos trabalhos, que culminará com a realização de um evento entre os dias 17 e 21 de outubro de 2016, para o qual estão programados um seminário, uma exposição fotográfica e uma mostra de filmes, entre outras atividades, trazemos, neste trabalho, os seguintes assuntos: a importância do tema memória, que foi estudado ao longo dos 36 meses de trabalho não só pelos pesquisadores envolvidos, mas principalmente pelos estudantes de graduação (Iniciação Científica); a relevância do tema patrimônio audiovisual, sobre o qual nos debruçamos igualmente com o fito de focar com mais acurácia a abordagem pretendida na pesquisa de campo; o percurso metodológico empreendido por nossos 14 estudantes de iniciação científica; e, finalmente, o coroamento de todo este trabalho coletivo, nos resultados alcançados com a pesquisa como um todo.This communication presents the final results of the project "Audiovisual Documents, Information and Memory: identification of photographic and filmic collections in the Federal District", funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, which mapped out the production and accumulation of audiovisual records in the Federal District covering the city of Brasilia, in this first phase. To report the completion of the work, which will culminate with an event between 17 and 21 October 2016, for which are scheduled a seminar, a photo exhibition and an exhibition of movies, among other activities, we bring in this work the following issues: the importance of the topic memory, which has been studied over the 36 months of work not only by the researchers involved, but mainly for undergraduate students (Scientific Initiation); the relevance of the subject audiovisual heritage, on which also worked through us with the aim of focusing more accurately the desired approach to field research; the methodological approach undertaken by our 14 students of scientific initiation; and finally the culmination of all this collective work, the results achieved with the research as a whole

Efeito da ingestão hídrica sobre a recuperação cardiovascular pós-exercício

Physical exercise elicits an increase in heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and, consequently, in the rate-pressure product (RPP). Recovery of HR immediately after exercise indicates cardiovascular health. Blood pressure also decreases after exercise, occasionally reaching values lower than pre-exercise levels (postexercise hypotension). Studies have shown a positive effect of water intake on HR recovery after exercise. However, little is known about the effect of water intake on postexercise BP and RPP responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water intake on postexercise cardiac work assessed by HR, BP and RPP. Fourteen healthy volunteers (22 ± 1.4 years) participated in the study. The experimental session consisted of HR, systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) recording at rest, followed by submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. Next, the subjects consumed water and the cardiovascular variables were recorded during recovery. In addition, a control session without postexercise water intake was performed. The RPP was calculated from the product of HR and SBP. Water intake prevented a postexercise hypotensive effect on DBP, but accelerated postexercise HR and RPP reduction during recovery when compared to the control session. It was concluded that water intake is an effective strategy to reduce postexercise cardiac work.O exercício físico promove a elevação da frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA) e, por consequência, do duplo produto (DP). Imediatamente após o término do exercício, há a recuperação da FC; resposta que indica boa saúde cardiovascular. A PA também apresenta queda pós-exercício, atingindo, eventualmente, valores abaixo do repouso (hipotensão pós-exercício; HPE). Estudos têm demonstrado efeito positivo da ingestão hídrica (IH) sobre a recuperação da FC pós-exercício. Pouco se sabe a respeito do efeito dessa estratégia sobre o comportamento da PA e do DP nesse período. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito da IH sobre o trabalho cardiovascular pós-exercício, por meio da avaliação da FC, PA e DP. Quatorze voluntários saudáveis (22 ± 1,4 anos) participaram desse estudo. A sessão experimental constou do registro da FC e PA sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) de repouso, seguido de exercício físico submáximo em cicloergômetro. Posteriormente, realizou-se a IH e registro das variáveis cardiovasculares na recuperação. Adicionalmente, realizou-se uma sessão controle, excluindo-se a IH pós-exercício. O DP foi calculado a partir do produto da FC pela PAS. A IH impediu a ocorrência de HPE na PAD, porém acelerou a redução da FC e do DP, no período da recuperação pós-exercício, quando comparada à sessão controle. Pode-se concluir que a IH é uma estratégia eficiente na redução do trabalho cardiovascular pós-exercício

A dicotomia dos estudantes em relação a uma vida saudável na pandemia/ Students' dichotomy towards healthy living in the pandemic

O seguinte artigo foi elaborado com o objetivo de analisar o modo como a pandemia afetou a prática de exercícios físicos dos estudantes universitários. As principais perguntas do questionário foram: quais os tipos de exercícios físicos praticados, a frequência dos exercícios físicos e a duração do exercício, e então feito um comparativo entre os dados obtidos para antes e durante a pandemia. Também foi questionado se o estudante deixou de praticar as atividades físicas, durante quanto tempo e o que o levou a interromper a pratica das atividades físicas. Aos que mantiveram a prática foi solicitado que respondessem qual tipo de exercício o estudante praticava e qual passou a praticar na pandemia, com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto que as praças e academias tem para a pratica de exercício físico, e ainda como a restrição de funcionamento desses lugares impactou o dia-a-dia das pessoas. Foram obtidas 115 respostas, que variaram entre estudantes que retomaram as atividades, e outros que não retomaram. Quanto a interrupção das atividades, o desânimo e medo de contrair a COVID-19 foram as duas razoes mais frequentemente encontradas. Foi observado, também, que com a pandemia, as pessoas passaram a praticar menos tempo de exercícios por dia, o que dificulta que o objetivo para atividades físicas da OMS de 150 minutos semanais seja atingido. Em um panorama geral houve uma redução significativa na pratica de exercícios físicos, 85,2% dos entrevistados afirmaram que interromperam, mesmo que por pouco tempo, a pratica de exercícios, e ainda, até o momento em que a pesquisa foi realizada a maior parte dos alunos não retornou para as atividades

Avaliação do consumo de ultraprocessados por idosos com depressão em tratamento terciário para doenças cardiovasculares / Ultra-processed food intake by elderly with depression in tertiary treatment for cardiovascular diseases

Introdução: A depressão caracteriza-se por um distúrbio de natureza multifatorial da área afetiva ou do humor. É uma doença de saúde mental que pode diminuir a qualidade de vida, prejudicar a vida social e desenvolver outras complicações. O indivíduo depressivo pode estar mais suscetível ao consumo de ultraprocessados por ser uma alimentação prática, rápida e de maior palatabilidade, diminuindo o tempo destinado para a alimentação e ao mesmo tempo satisfazendo o paladar. Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados em idosos com depressão em tratamento terciário para doença cardiovascular. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 179 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade a partir de 60 anos com histórico de evento cardiovascular, participantes do Estudo Multicêntrico Dieta Cardioprotetora Brasileira (DICA/BR) realizado no ambulatório de Cardiologia da Policlínica Piquet Carneiro (UERJ) e do ambulatório do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC).  Foram submetidos à avaliação dietética através do Recordatório de 24 horas, e avaliação de depressão através do questionário Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale- (CES-D Scale). As análises dietéticas foram realizadas através do programa NUTRIQUANTI® e as análises estatísticas foram feitas através do programa SPSS versão 21 e aplicados teste T student, teste Mann Whitney U e Correlação de Pearson, nível de significância &lt; 0,05. Resultados: O gênero masculino correspondeu a maior parte da população (61,5%). Em relação à população total, 39% foram indicativo de depressão com 14 (8 – 20) pontos no questionário CES-D Scale. A contribuição calórica do VET (valor energético total) de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados constou de 67,73% (51,43 – 77,06), alimentos processados de 18,54% ± 12,78 e alimentos ultraprocessados de 16,63% (8,95 – 28,13) sem diferença significativa entre os grupos (p&gt;0,05). Não houve correlação entre o consumo de alimentos processados ou ultraprocessados com o escore de depressão dos idosos. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo evidenciaram presença de um moderado consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados por idosos em tratamento terciário para doença cardiovascular com depressão. Porém, faz-se necessário a realização de mais estudos

ROS suppression by egg white hydrolysate in DOCA-salt rats—An alternative tool against vascular dysfunction in severe hypertension

This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Properties and Potential Mechanisms of Protein Hydrolysates.This study aimed to evaluate the potential for lowering blood pressure and beneficial effects on mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) and conductance vessels (aorta) produced by dietary supplementation of an egg white hydrolysate (EWH) in rats with severe hypertension induced by deoxycorticosterone plus salt treatment (DOCA-salt), as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. The DOCA-salt model presented higher blood pressure, which was significantly reduced by EWH. The impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation and eNOS expression observed in MRA and aorta from DOCA-salt rats was ameliorated by EWH. This effect on vessels (MRA and aorta) was related to the antioxidant effect of EWH, since hydrolysate intake prevented the NF-κB/TNFα inflammatory pathway and NADPH oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as well as the mitochondrial source of ROS in MRA. At the plasma level, EWH blocked the higher ROS and MDA generation by DOCA-salt treatment, without altering the antioxidant marker. In conclusion, EWH demonstrated an antihypertensive effect in a model of severe hypertension. This effect could be related to its endothelium-dependent vasodilator properties mediated by an ameliorated vessel’s redox imbalance and inflammatory state.This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—CNPq [Edital Universal/CNPq No 44181/2014-9 and PQ/CNPq 311834/2020-5]; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul—FAPERGS/Brazil [PQG:19/2551-0001810-0]; Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica; Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa—Universidade Federal do Pampa [N. 20180615102630]; FAPES/CNPq/PRONEX [N. 80598773], Foundation for Research Support of the State of Sao Paulo (FAPESP 2019/08026-5), and Spanish Goverment by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) [AGL2017-89213]; I-COOP+2020 (COOPA 20453). ELA were supported by CAPES/Brazil, CRM by FAPERGS/Brazil and PHD, CTH by Unipampa. LVR are research fellows from CNPq (312237/2021-9).Peer reviewe

Toxic Effects of Mercury on the Cardiovascular and Central Nervous Systems

Environmental contamination has exposed humans to various metal agents, including mercury. This exposure is more common than expected, and the health consequences of such exposure remain unclear. For many years, mercury was used in a wide variety of human activities, and now, exposure to this metal from both natural and artificial sources is significantly increasing. Many studies show that high exposure to mercury induces changes in the central nervous system, potentially resulting in irritability, fatigue, behavioral changes, tremors, headaches, hearing and cognitive loss, dysarthria, incoordination, hallucinations, and death. In the cardiovascular system, mercury induces hypertension in humans and animals that has wide-ranging consequences, including alterations in endothelial function. The results described in this paper indicate that mercury exposure, even at low doses, affects endothelial and cardiovascular function. As a result, the reference values defining the limits for the absence of danger should be reduced. History More than 2500 A.C., the prehistoric man used the cinabrio (mercury sulfide), due to its red-gold color, to draw on cave walls and perform face painting. Subsequently, mercury has been used in the amalgamation (direct burning of metallic mercury on the gravel, promoting the separation of gold), in photography and as an antiseptic in the treatment of syphilis Exposure to mercury brought harmful effects to health of humans, but changes resulting from human exposure to mercury only called the attention of the scientific society after the accidents in Japan and Iraq Mercury Characteristics Mercury is characterized as a highly malleable liquid at normal temperature and pressure Inorganic Mercury Compounds Elemental Mercury or Metalic Mercury Compounds. In its liquid form, the elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) is poorly absorbed and presents little health risk. However, in the vapor form, metallic mercury is readily absorbed through the lungs and can produce body damage Elemental mercury is used in thermometers and sphygmomanometers because of its uniform volumetric expansion, high surface tension, and lack of vitreous adherence to surfaces. Low electrical resistance and high thermal conductivity allow metallic mercury to be used in electrical and electronic materials. Because of its high oxidation power, metallic mercury is used in electrochemical operations in the chlorine and soda industries. Metallic mercury is also used in metallurgy, mining, and dentistry because of the easy amalgam formation with other metals. In addition, gold extraction with archaic and dangerous methods predispose miners to mercury poisoning. The burning of metallic mercury on the gravel promotes the separation of gold, a process called amalgamation, which causes emission of large amounts of mercury vapor that is inhaled immediately by the miner, since they do not use appropriate personal protective equipment Mercurous Mercury and Mercuric Mercury Compounds. The mercurous mercury in the form of mercurous chloride (Hg 2 Cl 2 ) is little absorbed in the body. It is believed that in the body the form of metallic mercury is changed to elemental mercury and mercuric mercury Mercuric mercury compounds, such as mercury salts, result from the combination of mercury with chlorine, sulfur, or oxygen. Mercuric mercury can be found in different states when combined with other chemical elements, including mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ), which is highly toxic and corrosive; mercury sulfide (HgS), which is often used as a pigment in paints due to its red color; mercury fulminate (Hg(CNO) 2 ), which is used as an explosive detonator In the cardiovascular system, acute inorganic mercury exposition in vivo promotes reduction of myocardial force development Organic Mercury. Organic mercury compounds, also called organometallic, result from a covalent bond between mercury and the carbon [8] atom of an organic functional group such as a methyl, ethyl, or phenyl group. Methylmercury (CH 3 Hg + ) is by far the most common form of organic Hg to which humans and animals are exposed. CH 3 Hg + in the environment is predominantly formed by methylation of inorganic mercuric ions by microorganisms present in soil and water Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 3 The organomercury antiseptics still used are Merthiolate, Bacteran, and Thimerosal [40]. Thimerosal is an organomercurial compound that since 1930 has been widely used as a preservative in biological material such as vaccines and serums used to prevent microbiological growth Forms of Mercury Exposure Mercury is now considered an environmental pollutant of high risk to public health because of its high toxicity and mobility in ecosystems More natural sources of mercury include volcanic activity, earthquakes, erosion, and the volatilization of mercury present in the marine environment and vegetation Mercury contaminates the environment through a cycle involving the initial emission, the subsequent atmospheric circulation of the vapor form, and the eventual return of mercury to the land and water via precipitation ( Mercury present in seas and rivers after methylation can contaminate fish Transport and Elimination of Mercury Inhaled elemental mercury vapor, for example, is readily absorbed through mucous membranes and the lung and is rapidly oxidized but not as quickly as to prevent the deposition of considerable amount in the brain Then, toxicity for man varies depending on the form of mercury, dose, and rate of exposure. The target organ for inhalted mercury vapor is primarily the brain Oxidized mercury binds strongly to SH groups; this reaction can inactivate enzymes, lead to tissue damage and interfere with various metabolic processes Doses of Mercury and Safety Legislation The chemical form of mercury in the air affects its time of permanence and its dispersion in the atmosphere. The elemental mercury form can persist for more than four years in the air, while its compounds are deposited in a short time at locations near their origin. In the northern hemisphere, their average concentration in the atmosphere is estimated at 2 ng/m 3 and in the southern hemisphere is less than 1 ng/m 3 . In urban areas, there is a great variability of these concentrations being found up to 67 ng/m 3 with a mean of 11 ng/m 3 in Japan In 2004, the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United National)/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established that the safe concentration of methylmercury intake, without the appearance of neurological disorders, is 1.6 mg/kg of body weight. However, in 2006, JECFA stated that this concentration is not safe for intrauterine exposure, because fetuses are more sensitive to the onset of neurological disorders after exposure to methylmercury Currently, the general population is exposed to mercury by the following main sources: the consumption of contaminated fish, the use and manipulation of dental amalgam, thimerosal contained in vaccines, workers in industries of chlorine, caustic soda, miners, and workers in industries of fluorescent lamps In Brazil, the rules for vaccination of the Ministry of Health, published in June 2001, shows that thimerosal is used in many vaccines. These vaccines prevent flu (influenza vaccine), rabies (rabies vaccine), infection with meningococcus serogroup b, and hepatitis B The US Environmental Protection Agency&apos;s recommended a reference blood concentration of mercury to be 5.8 ng/mL; concentrations below this level are considered to be safe In the following sections, we will describe results obtained from animals with chronic and acute exposure to mercury. Some of these studies were performed with mercury exposure protocols that led to blood concentrations slightly above the reference values. Nevertheless, these concentrations could be easily found in exposed populations and may even be considered low when compared with concentrations in humans who consume large amounts of fish or who live in areas contaminated with mercury. Effect of Mercury on the Central Nervous System (CNS) Among the compounds of mercury, the methylmercury is primarily responsible for the neurological alterations present in humans and experimental animals. It is believed that the mechanisms are related to the toxic increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress is associated with the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson&apos;s disease, and Alzheimer&apos;s disease Reinforcing the hypothesis that the majority of injuries caused by methylmercury (MeHg) in the central nervous system are related to its ability to increase reactive oxygen species, Studies also demonstrate that mercury has the ability to reduce the number of neuron and cytoarchitecture in individuals with prenatal exposure to mercury In addition, because of its high affinity for sulfhydryl groups in tubulin, methylmercury inhibits the organization of microtubules that are important in CNS development Corroborating these findings, the study conducted by Halbach et al. [90] studied a correlation in Iraqi children between the level of maternal exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy and psychomotor retardation. SandborghEnglund et al. Effect of Mercury on the Cardiovascular System For decades, the toxic effects of mercury were associated mainly with the central nervous system; however, inorganic mercury also produces profound cardiotoxicity The mechanism by which mercury produces toxic effects on the cardiovascular system is not fully elucidated, but this mechanism is believed to involve an increase in oxidative stress. Exposure to mercury increases the production of free radicals, potentially because of the role of mercury in the Fenton reaction The reduction in glutathione peroxidase with seleniumdependent activity is the result of the decreased bioavailability of selenium, a molecule that is required for enzymatic activity Cardiovascular changes resulting from mercury poisoning are also described in animal models. However, the mechanism involved in the effects of mercury on the cardiovascular system is not fully understood but seems to be dependent on both the dose and time of exposure. Raymond and Ralston [123] studied the hemodynamic effects of an intravenous injection of HgCl 2 (5 mg/kg) in rats and observed that mercury produced cardiac diastolic failure and pulmonary hypertension. Moreover, Naganuma et al. Our group has found that chronic exposure to low doses of mercury (1st dose 4.6 μg/kg followed by 0.07 μg/kg/day for 30 days, im) attained a blood mercury concentration of approximately 8 ng/mL, a concentration similar to the levels found in exposed humans. This exposure produced a negative inotropic effect in perfused hearts, although increasing myosin ATPase activity. Invivo, arterial or ventricular pressures did not change The chronic exposure to low concentrations of mercury was also able to induce endothelial dysfunction in resistance and conductance vessels, most likely because of the decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability due to the increased superoxide anion (O 2 •− ) production from NADPH oxidase Taken together, these data show that chronic low doses of mercury have an important and deleterious effect on vascular function by reducing NO bioavailability. The degree of severity of mercury exposure is comparable to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension diabetes or hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, mercury could be considered an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease that could play a role in the development of cardiovascular events. The association between mercury exposure and an increased risk of developing cardiovascular and neurological diseases is apparent. Thus, continuous exposure to mercury can be dangerous, and current reference values, once considered to be without risk, should be reevaluated and reduced

Photobiomodulation reduces the cytokine storm syndrome associated with Covid-19 in the zebrafish model

Although the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not fully understood, oxidative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been highlighted as playing a vital role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this sense, alternative treatments are needed to reduce the inflammation caused by COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential effect of red PBM as an attractive therapy to downregulate the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19 from a zebrafish model. RT-PCR analyses and protein-protein interaction prediction among SARS-CoV-2 and Danio rerio proteins showed that rSpike was responsible for generating systemic inflammatory processes with significantly increased pro-inflammatory (il1b, il6, tnfa, and nfkbiab), oxidative stress (romo1) and energy metabolism (slc2a1a, coa1) mRNA markers, with a pattern like those observed in COVID-19 cases in humans. On the other hand, PBM treatment decreased the mRNA levels of these pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared with rSpike in various tissues, promoting an anti-inflammatory response. Conversely, PBM promotes cellular and tissue repair of injured tissues and significantly increases the survival rate of rSpike-inoculated individuals. Additionally, metabolomics analysis showed that the most impacted metabolic pathways between PBM and the rSpike-treated groups were related to steroid metabolism, immune system, and lipids metabolism. Together, our findings suggest that the inflammatory process is an incisive feature of COVID-19, and red PBM can be used as a novel therapeutic agent for COVID-19 by regulating the inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the need for more clinical trials remains, and there is a significant gap to overcome before clinical trials.publishedVersio