Near-Zero-Power Temperature Sensing via Tunneling Currents Through Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistors.

Temperature sensors are routinely found in devices used to monitor the environment, the human body, industrial equipment, and beyond. In many such applications, the energy available from batteries or the power available from energy harvesters is extremely limited due to limited available volume, and thus the power consumption of sensing should be minimized in order to maximize operational lifetime. Here we present a new method to transduce and digitize temperature at very low power levels. Specifically, two pA current references are generated via small tunneling-current metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) that are independent and proportional to temperature, respectively, which are then used to charge digitally-controllable banks of metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors that, via a discrete-time feedback loop that equalizes charging time, digitize temperature directly. The proposed temperature sensor was integrated into a silicon microchip and occupied 0.15 mm2 of area. Four tested microchips were measured to consume only 113 pW with a resolution of 0.21 °C and an inaccuracy of ±1.65 °C, which represents a 628× reduction in power compared to prior-art without a significant reduction in performance

Rapid Wireless Capacitor Charging Using a Multi-Tapped Inductively-Coupled Secondary Coil

This paper presents an inductive coupling system designed to wirelessly charge ultra-capacitors used as energy storage elements. Although ultra-capacitors offer the native ability to rapidly charge, it is shown that standard inductive coupling circuits only deliver maximal power for a specific load impedance which depends on coil geometries and separation distances. Since a charging ultra-capacitor can be modeled as an increasing instantaneous impedance, maximum power is thus delivered to the ultra-capacitor at only a single point in the charging interval, resulting in a longer than optimal charging time. Analysis of inductive coupling theory reveals that the optimal load impedance can be modified by adjusting the secondary coil inductance and resonant tuning capacitance. A three-tap secondary coil is proposed to dynamically modify the optimal load impedance throughout the capacitor charging interval. Measurement results show that the proposed architecture can expand its operational range by up to 2.5 × and charge a 2.5 F ultra-capacitor to 5 V upwards of 3.7 × faster than a conventional architecture.Semiconductor Research Corporation. Interconnect Focus Cente

Resource Centered Computing delivering high parallel performance

International audienceModern parallel programming requires a combination of differentparadigms, expertise and tuning, that correspond to the differentlevels in today's hierarchical architectures. To cope with theinherent difficulty, ORWL (ordered read-write locks) presents a newparadigm and toolbox centered around local or remote resources, suchas data, processors or accelerators. ORWL programmers describe theircomputation in terms of access to these resources during criticalsections. Exclusive or shared access to the resources is grantedthrough FIFOs and with read-write semantic. ORWL partially replaces aclassical runtime and offers a new API for resource centric parallelprogramming. We successfully ran an ORWL benchmark application ondifferent parallel architectures (a multicore CPU cluster, a NUMAmachine, a CPU+GPU cluster). When processing large data we achievedscalability and performance similar to a reference code built on topof MPI+OpenMP+CUDA. The integration of optimized kernels of scientificcomputing libraries (ATLAS and cuBLAS) has been almost effortless, andwe were able to increase performance using both CPU and GPU cores onour hybrid hierarchical cluster simultaneously. We aim to make ORWL anew easy-to-use and efficient programming model and toolbox forparallel developers

A N-dimensional Stochastic Control Algorithm for Electricity Asset Management on PC cluster and Blue Gene Supercomputer

International audienceManagement of French electricity production to control cost while satisfying demand, leads to solve a stochastic optimization problem where the main sources of uncertainty are the demand load, the electricity and fuel market prices, the hydraulicity, and the availability of the thermal production assets. A stochastic dynamic programming method is an interesting solution, but is both CPU and memory consuming. It requires parallelization to achieve speedup and size up, and to deal with a big number of stocks (N) and a big number of uncertainty factors. This paper introduces a distribution of a N-dimension stochastic dynamic programming application, on PC clusters and IBM Blue Gene/L super-computer. It has needed to parallelize input and output file accesses from thousands of processors, to load balance a N-dimension cube of data and computation evolving at each time step, and to compute Monte-Carlo simulations requiring data spread in many separate files managed by different processors. Finally, a successful experiment of a 7-stock problem using up to 8192 processors validates this distribution strategy

Igneous Rock Associations 14. The Volcanic Setting of VMS and SMS Deposits: A Review

Volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits and seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) deposits have a spatial and genetic connection with contemporaneous volcanism. The control exerted by the volcanic succession (e.g. rock type, architecture and facies) on the nature and style of the ore and alteration (e.g. subsea-floor replacement vs. exhalative, or discordant vs. conformable) is significant, making it imperative to understand the local volcanology in developing better genetic and exploration models. Three VMS deposit groupings collectively represent a high proportion of cases: (1) deposits associated with complexes of submarine felsic domes, cryptodomes, lobe-hyaloclastite flows and/or blocky lavas, and their reworked equivalents; (2) deposits associated with thick piles of pumiceous felsic pyroclastic rocks, suggesting a caldera context; and (3) deposits associated with mafic volcanic footwalls and/or with sedimentary hosts, including significant deposits such as Windy Craggy (~300 Mt) in British Columbia. With regard to number (2) above, demonstrating the presence of a caldera in ancient successions can be difficult because silicic calderas tend to be large and exceed the limits of deposit-scale investigations. Furthermore, there is no consensus regarding what a large submarine caldera should look like, i.e., no accepted facies model exists showing the distribution of rock types. But without thick piles of pumiceous felsic pyroclastic deposits, arguing for a large submarine caldera is a challenge.SOMMAIRELes gisements de sulfures massifs volcanogènes (SMV) et leurs équivalents actuels au fonds des mers ont une connexion spatiale et génétique avec le volcanisme. La succession volcanique – composition, architecture, faciès – exerce un contrôle important sur la nature et le style de minéralisation et d’altération hydrothermale (p. ex. minéralisation mise en place par remplacement sous le fond marin vs. exhalative; altération discordante ou plus concordante). Il est donc impératif de connaître la volcanologie des roches encaissantes pour développer de meilleurs modèles génétiques et d’exploration. Trois groupes de gisements couvrant collectivement une grande proportion des cas sont discutés ici. Premièrement, plusieurs gisements sont associés à des complexes de dômes felsiques sous-marins, des cryptodômes, des coulées de type lobes-hyaloclastite et/ou des laves en blocs, ou leur équivalents resédimentés. Deuxièmement, certains gisements sont associés à d’épaisses séquences de roches pyroclastiques felsiques ponceuses, suggérant un contexte de caldeira. Troisièmement, plusieurs gisements sont associés avec des roches volcaniques mafiques et/ou avec des roches sédimentaires, par exemple l’important dépôt de Windy Craggy (~300 Mt) en Colombie-Britannique. Concernant les contextes de type 2, la démonstration d’une caldeira peut être difficile dans les successions anciennes, car les caldeiras felsiques sont de grandes dimensions, excédant les limites des études à l’échelle du gîte. De plus, il n’existe pas de consensus sur un modèle de faciès pour une grande caldeira sous-marine. Mais sans la présence d’épais empilements de roches pyroclastiques felsiques ponceuses, il est difficile d’argumenter en faveur d’une caldeira sous-marine

Coherent beam superposition of ten diode lasers with a Dammann grating

We demonstrate the use of a binary diffractive optical element in a very simple setup to convert the multilobed beam from a low fill factor array of coherent laser diodes into a quasi-Gaussian beam. The phase profile of the grating is determined with a phase retrieval algorithm. Experimentally, the conversion efficiency reaches more than 44%. We also establish that this setup can be used to make an effective measurement of the coherency of the laser array

Observation of the shock wave propagation induced by a high-power laser irradiation into an epoxy material

The propagation of laser-induced shock waves in a transparent epoxy sample is investigated by optical shadowgraphy. The shock waves are generated by a focused laser (3 ns pulse duration—1.2 to 3.4TWcm−2) producing pressure from 44 to 98.9 GPa. It is observed that the shock wave and the release wave created by the shock reverberation at the rear face are both followed by a dark zone in the pictures. This corresponds to the creation of a tensile zone resulting from the crossing on the loading axis of the release waves coming from the edge of the impact area (2D effects). After the laser shock experiment, the residual stresses in the targets are identified and quantified through a photoelasticimetry analysis of the recovered samples. This work results in a new set of original data which can be directly used to validate numerical models implemented to reproduce the behaviour of epoxy under extreme strain rate loading. The residual stresses observed prove that the high-pressure shocks can modify the pure epoxy properties, which could have an influence on the use made of these materials

Nutrition in Early Childcare Programs: The Benefits and Barriers

Introduction: 1 in 5 Vermont children experience food insecurity. Inadequate nutrition threatens cognitive, social, and emotional development in the first years of life. 49.1% of Vermont children arrive at kindergarten underprepared. It has been shown that undernourished children have reduced activity levels and withdraw from their environment, removing them from critical learning opportunities and social interactions. Supporting the provision of healthy food in early childcare programs may help address the issue of food insecurity and promote healthy childhood development. Currently, there are no existing data on both Vermont childcare providers and parents of these children on their perceptions of the importance of providing food in early childcare programs as well as the associated benefits and barriers to do so.https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/comphp_gallery/1228/thumbnail.jp

Procédés d’oxydation avancée dans le traitement des eaux et des effluents industriels: Application à la dégradation des polluants réfractaires

Cette synthèse traite des procédés d’oxydation avancée (POA) pour le traitement des eaux et des effluents industriels. Ces procédés mettent pour la plupart en combinaison deux ou trois réactifs (oxydants) afin de produire des radicaux hydroxyles. Les radicaux libres sont des espèces hautement actives capables de réagir rapidement et de manière non sélective sur la plupart des composés organiques, réputés difficilement oxydables par voie biologique ou par des traitements chimiques conventionnels. Les POA peuvent être subdivisés en quatre groupes : les procédés d’oxydation chimique en phase homogène (H2O2/Fe2+ et H2O2/O3), les procédés photocatalytiques en phase homogène et/ou hétérogène (H2O2/UV, O3/UV et Fe2+/H2O2/UV; TiO2/UV), les procédés d’oxydation sonochimique et les procédés d’oxydation électrochimique. Le couplage H2O2/Fe2+ représente le système d’oxydation avancée le plus connu et le moins complexe, lequel est souvent employé dans le traitement des effluents industriels. Cependant, dans le domaine de la potabilisation des eaux, le système le plus utilisé et le plus éprouvé est le couplage H2O2/O3 couramment employé pour l’élimination des composés phytosanitaires (pesticides). Les procédés d’oxydation électrochimiques, photocatalytiques et sonochimiques sont des technologies qui nécessitent en général moins de réactif et sont faciles d’automatisation par comparaison aux autres POA. Ces procédés sont présentement en pleine expansion dans le domaine des technologies environnementales, ceci afin d’améliorer les systèmes existants de traitement des eaux usées municipales et industrielles, ou à remplacer les technologies conventionnelles peu efficaces pour l’enlèvement de contaminants organiques réfractaires, inorganiques et microbiens. De nombreuses études réalisées à l’échelle laboratoire ont clairement prouvé l’efficacité des POA pour le traitement de divers effluents. Cependant, le développement de ces procédés dans les filières de traitement des eaux reste encore limité en raison des coûts d’investissement et des coûts opératoires associés. Des solutions et stratégies sont proposées dans ce document, telles que le développement de procédés hybrides et leur couplage avec des traitements biologiques conventionnels, et ce, afin de pallier certaines contraintes spécifiques des POA et faciliter ainsi leur insertion dans les filières de traitement des eaux et des effluents industriels. Ce document a pour objectif de faire une synthèse des différents POA, d’en expliquer leur principe de fonctionnement, de déterminer les différents paramètres les gouvernant, ainsi que leurs applications dans le traitement des eaux et des effluents.This review deals with advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water and wastewater treatment. Most AOPs combine two or three chemical oxidants in order to produce hydroxyl radicals. These free radicals are species capable of oxidizing numerous complex organic, non-chemically oxidizable or difficulty oxidizable compounds. They efficiently react with carbon-carbon double bonds and attack the aromatic nucleus, which are prevalent features of refractory organic compounds. The AOPs can be divided into four groups: homogenous chemical oxidation processes (H2O2/Fe2+ and H2O2/O3), homogenous/heterogeneous photocatalytic processes (H2O2/UV, O3/UV and Fe2+/H2O2/UV; TiO2/UV), sonification oxidation processes (ultrasound oxidation) and electrochemical oxidation processes. The H2O2/Fe2+ system represents the most common and simplest AOP, which is often employed for the treatment of industrial effluents. However for drinking water treatment, the H2O2/O3 system is commonly used for pesticide removal. Electrochemical, photo-catalytic and sonification oxidation processes require fewer chemicals and are more easily automated than other AOPs. These technologies are effective in improving the treatment of industrial wastes, wastewater and drinking water, for example after their integration into a treatment plant or after their replacement of conventional processes that are found to less effectively eliminate specific organic and inorganic pollutants. The goal of this paper is to review published literature on the use of AOPs for water and wastewater treatment and the removal of refractory pollutants. Specifically, the objectives are: (i) to understand the theory and mechanisms of pollutant removal in AOPs, (ii) to provide a database for AOP applications, and (iii) to suggest new research directions for the development of AOPs

An all-digital transmitter for pulsed ultra-wideband communication

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-96).Applications like sensor networks, medical monitoring, and asset tracking have led to a demand for energy-efficient and low-cost wireless transceivers. These types of applications typically require low effective data rates, thus providing an opportunity to employ simple modulation schemes and aggressive duty-cycling. Due to their inherently duty-cycled nature, pulse-based Ultra-Wideband (UWB) systems are amenable to low-power operation by shutting off circuitry during idle mode between pulses. Furthermore, the use of non-coherent UWB signaling greatly simplifies both transmitter and receiver implementations, offering additional energy savings. This thesis presents an all-digital transmitter designed for a non-coherent pulsed UWB system. By exploiting relaxed center frequency tolerances in non-coherent wideband communication, the transmitter synthesizes UWB pulses from an energy efficient, single-ended digital ring oscillator. Dual capacitively-coupled digital power amplifiers (PAs) are used in tandem to generate bipolar phase modulated pulses for spectral scrambling purposes. By maintaining opposite common modes at the output of these PAs during idle mode (i.e. when no pulses are being transmitted), low frequency turn-on and turn-off transients typically associated with single-ended digital circuits driving single-ended antennas are attenuated by up to 12dB. Furthermore, four level digital pulse shaping is employed to attenuate RF side lobes by up to 20dB. The resulting dual power amplifiers achieve FCC compliant operation in the 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5GHz IEEE 802.15.4a bands without the use of any off-chip filters or large passive components. The transmitter is fabricated in a 90nm CMOS process and requires a core area of 0.07mm2. The entirely digital architecture consumes zero static bias current, resulting in an energy efficiency of 17.5pJ/pulse at data rates up to 15.6Mbps.by Patrick Philip Mercier.S.M