The Evolution of Viruses in Multi-Host Fitness Landscapes

Provided that generalist viruses will have access to potentially unlimited hosts, the question is why most viruses specialize in few hosts. It has been suggested that selection should favor specialists because there are tradeoffs limiting the fitness of generalists in any of the alternative hosts or because evolution proceeds faster with narrower niches. Here we review experiments showing that virus adaptation to a specific host is often coupled with fitness losses in alternative ones. In most instances, mutations beneficial in one host are detrimental in another. This antagonistic pleiotropy should limit the range of adaptation and promote the evolution of specialization. However, when hosts fluctuate in time or space, selective pressures are different and generalist viruses may evolve as well

Diagnóstico para el fortalecimiento empresarial con énfasis financiero de una empresa distribuidora de papelería

Trabajo de Síntesis AplicadoSe realiza el análisis financiero de la compañía Distribuidora P.Bless con el fin de establecer la situación actual de la empresa y establecer mecanismos que le permitan una adecuada ejecución de sus operaciones durante los próximos 5 años a través de la generación de políticas financieras y procesos que permitan lograr la maximización de los recursos y construcción de valor.INTRODUCCIÓN HIPÓTESIS JUSTIFICACIÓN OBJETIVOS 1. CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN DE LA EMPRESA DISTRIBUIDORA DE PAPELERÍA 2. ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO Y FINANCIERO 3. DIAGNOSTICO FINANCIERO DISTRIBUIDORA DE PAPELERÍA 4. FODA 5. IMPACTO FINANCIERO Y TRIBUTARIO DEL CAMBIO DE RAZÓN SOCIAL 6. POLITICA FINANCIERA 7. ESTADOS PROYECTADOS A 2023 CONCLUSIONES RECOMENDACIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOSEspecializaciónEspecialista en Análisis y Administración Financier

Changes in the gene expression profile of Arabidopsis thaliana after infection with Tobacco etch virus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Tobacco etch potyvirus </it>(TEV) has been extensively used as model system for the study of positive-sense RNA virus infecting plants. TEV ability to infect <it>Arabidopsis thaliana </it>varies among ecotypes. In this study, changes in gene expression of <it>A. thaliana </it>ecotype L<it>er </it>infected with TEV have been explored using long-oligonucleotide arrays. <it>A. thaliana </it>L<it>er </it>is a susceptible host that allows systemic movement, although the viral load is low and syndrome induced ranges from asymptomatic to mild. Gene expression profiles were monitored in whole plants 21 days post-inoculation (dpi). Microarrays contained 26,173 protein-coding genes and 87 miRNAs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Expression analysis identified 1727 genes that displayed significant and consistent changes in expression levels either up or down, in infected plants. Identified TEV-responsive genes encode a diverse array of functional categories that include responses to biotic (such as the systemic acquired resistance pathway and hypersensitive responses) and abiotic stresses (droughtness, salinity, temperature, and wounding). The expression of many different transcription factors was also significantly affected, including members of the R2R3-MYB family and ABA-inducible TFs. In concordance with several other plant and animal viruses, the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSP) was also increased. Finally, we have associated functional GO categories with KEGG biochemical pathways, and found that many of the altered biological functions are controlled by changes in basal metabolism.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>TEV infection significantly impacts a wide array of cellular processes, in particular, stress-response pathways, including the systemic acquired resistance and hypersensitive responses. However, many of the observed alterations may represent a global response to viral infection rather than being specific of TEV.</p

Saúde oral na população com deficiência visual: revisão da literatura

Introduction: Even though oral diseases are highly prevalent in people with visual impairment (VI) and this population faces access barriers to dental services and is exposed to risk factors that increase their vulnerability, the existing literature on oral health in this population is scarce. Objective: To conduct a literature review in order to describe studies on oral health in persons with VI and provide health care professionals who treat and educate these patients with relevant information. Methods: This is a literature review with a descriptive approach. A total of 26 original articles were included. The selected studies were published in the last six years (2014-March 2020) in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. The search was conducted in the Virtual Health Library, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, and Clinical Key databases. Keywords combined with Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" were used. Results: Few studies address the use of dental services by people with VI. There is evidence of poor levels of knowledge on oral health and related practices, which increases vulnerability to risk factors for developing diseases compared to the general population. Caries and periodontal disease are reported as the most prevalent oral diseases. Health promotion and education intervention should involve parents, caregivers, and guardians to increase the success rate. Conclusions: People with VI may develop oral diseases easily; therefore, they require dental care and health promotion interventions adapted to their needs.Introducción: la literatura publicada relacionada con la salud bucal de las personas con discapacidad visual (DV) es escasa, esta población presenta barreras para el acceso a servicios odontológicos, tiene alta prevalencia de enfermedades bucodentales y está expuesta a factores de riesgo que aumentan su vulnerabilidad. Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la literatura científica para describir los estudios que abordan la salud bucal en personas con DV que sirva como insumo a los profesionales de la salud que atienden y educan a esta población. Métodos: revisión bibliográfica con enfoque descriptivo, se incluyeron 26 artículos originales. Los estudiosseleccionados fueron publicados en los últimos seis años (2014-2020 marzo) en inglés, portugués y español. Las bases de datos usadas fueron Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus y Clinical Key. Se usaron palabras clave combinadas con operadores booleanos “AND” y “OR”. Resultados: existen pocos estudios sobre la asistencia de las personas con DV a los servicios odontológicos. Se evidencian deficientes niveles de conocimientos y prácticas en salud bucal, lo que aumenta la vulnerabilidad frente a factores de riesgo para adquirir patologías en comparación con la población en general. La caries y enfermedad periodontal se reportan como las patologías bucales más prevalentes. En las intervenciones en promoción y educación para la salud se recomienda involucrar a padres, cuidadores y tutores para aumentar la tasa de éxito. Conclusiones: las personas con DV adquieren con facilidad patologías bucales, por lo tanto requieren atención odontológica e intervenciones de promoción de la salud adaptadas a sus necesidades.Introdução:&nbsp;a literatura publicada&nbsp;relacionada&nbsp;à saúde bucal de pessoas com deficiência visual (DV) é escassa, essa população apresenta barreiras de acesso a serviços&nbsp;odontológicos, tem alta prevalência de doenças bucais e está exposta a fatores de risco que aumentam sua vulnerabilidade.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Objetivo:&nbsp;realizar uma revisão da literatura científica para descrever os estudos que abordam a saúde bucal em pessoas com&nbsp;DV para servir de insumo aos profissionais da saúde que cuidam e educam essa população.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Métodos:&nbsp;revisão bibliográfica com abordagem descritiva, foram incluídos 26&nbsp;artigos originais.&nbsp;Os&nbsp;estudos&nbsp;selecionados&nbsp;foram publicados nos últimos&nbsp;seis&nbsp;anos (março de 2014-2020) nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol.&nbsp;As bases de dados utilizadas foram a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus e Clinical Key.&nbsp;Palavras-chave&nbsp;foram usadas&nbsp;combinadas com operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR".&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Resultados:&nbsp;existem poucos estudos sobre o atendimento de pessoas com DV aos serviços odontológicos.&nbsp;Existem&nbsp;baixos níveis de conhecimento e práticas em saúde bucal, o&nbsp;que aumenta&nbsp;a vulnerabilidade aos fatores de risco para aquisição de patologias em relação à população em geral.&nbsp;A&nbsp;cárie e a doença periodontal&nbsp;são relatadas como as doenças bucais mais prevalentes.&nbsp;Intervenções na promoção e educação para a saúde são recomendadas para&nbsp;envolver os pais, cuidadores e responsáveis&nbsp;para&nbsp;aumentar&nbsp;a taxa de sucesso.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conclusões:&nbsp;as pessoas com DV adquirem facilmente patologias bucais, necessitando de cuidados odontológicos e intervenções de promoção da saúde adequadas às suas necessidades

Transcript and metabolite analysis in Trincadeira cultivar reveals novel information regarding the dynamics of grape ripening

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Grapes (<it>Vitis vinifera </it>L.) are economically the most important fruit crop worldwide. However, the complexity of molecular and biochemical events that lead to the onset of ripening of nonclimacteric fruits is not fully understood which is further complicated in grapes due to seasonal and cultivar specific variation. The Portuguese wine variety Trincadeira gives rise to high quality wines but presents extremely irregular berry ripening among seasons probably due to high susceptibility to abiotic and biotic stresses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Ripening of Trincadeira grapes was studied taking into account the transcriptional and metabolic profilings complemented with biochemical data. The mRNA expression profiles of four time points spanning developmental stages from pea size green berries, through <it>véraison </it>and mature berries (EL 32, EL 34, EL 35 and EL 36) and in two seasons (2007 and 2008) were compared using the Affymetrix GrapeGen^®genome array containing 23096 probesets corresponding to 18726 unique sequences. Over 50% of these probesets were significantly differentially expressed (1.5 fold) between at least two developmental stages. A common set of modulated transcripts corresponding to 5877 unigenes indicates the activation of common pathways between years despite the irregular development of Trincadeira grapes. These unigenes were assigned to the functional categories of "metabolism", "development", "cellular process", "diverse/miscellanenous functions", "regulation overview", "response to stimulus, stress", "signaling", "transport overview", "xenoprotein, transposable element" and "unknown". Quantitative RT-PCR validated microarrays results being carried out for eight selected genes and five developmental stages (EL 32, EL 34, EL 35, EL 36 and EL 38). Metabolic profiling using ¹H NMR spectroscopy associated to two-dimensional techniques showed the importance of metabolites related to oxidative stress response, amino acid and sugar metabolism as well as secondary metabolism. These results were integrated with transcriptional profiling obtained using genome array to provide new information regarding the network of events leading to grape ripening.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Altogether the data obtained provides the most extensive survey obtained so far for gene expression and metabolites accumulated during grape ripening. Moreover, it highlighted information obtained in a poorly known variety exhibiting particular characteristics that may be cultivar specific or dependent upon climatic conditions. Several genes were identified that had not been previously reported in the context of grape ripening namely genes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms as well as in growth regulators; metabolism, epigenetic factors and signaling pathways. Some of these genes were annotated as receptors, transcription factors, and kinases and constitute good candidates for functional analysis in order to establish a model for ripening control of a non-climacteric fruit.</p

Experimental design for obtaining compost suitable for agricultural use from Kraft paper sludge

The physicochemical characteristics of paper sludge from the paper industry allow its use in composting for agricultural purposes, becoming a sustainable disposal alternative for this type of waste. The aim of this article is, to define the levels of treatment that allow obtaining compost with recommended percentages of Carbon and Nitrogen for agricultural use, through a design of experiments (DOE). The proportion of paper sludge in the mixture (50% and 75%) and the composting technique (composting and vermicomposting) were defined as experimental factors. It was concluded that the vermicomposting method, accompanied by a high proportion of paper sludge, allows obtaining compost with adequate levels for response variables: % C and % N

Airway epithelium respiratory illnesses and allergy (AERIAL) birth cohort: Study protocol

Introduction: Recurrent wheezing disorders including asthma are complex and heterogeneous diseases that affect up to 30% of all children, contributing to a major burden on children, their families, and global healthcare systems. It is now recognized that a dysfunctional airway epithelium plays a central role in the pathogenesis of recurrent wheeze, although the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. This prospective birth cohort aims to bridge this knowledge gap by investigating the influence of intrinsic epithelial dysfunction on the risk for developing respiratory disorders and the modulation of this risk by maternal morbidities, in utero exposures, and respiratory exposures in the first year of life. Methods: The Airway Epithelium Respiratory Illnesses and Allergy (AERIAL) study is nested within the ORIGINS Project and will monitor 400 infants from birth to 5 years. The primary outcome of the AERIAL study will be the identification of epithelial endotypes and exposure variables that influence the development of recurrent wheezing, asthma, and allergic sensitisation. Nasal respiratory epithelium at birth to 6 weeks, 1, 3, and 5 years will be analysed by bulk RNA-seq and DNA methylation sequencing. Maternal morbidities and in utero exposures will be identified on maternal history and their effects measured through transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses of the amnion and newborn epithelium. Exposures within the first year of life will be identified based on infant medical history as well as on background and symptomatic nasal sampling for viral PCR and microbiome analysis. Daily temperatures and symptoms recorded in a study-specific Smartphone App will be used to identify symptomatic respiratory illnesses. Discussion: The AERIAL study will provide a comprehensive longitudinal assessment of factors influencing the association between epithelial dysfunction and respiratory morbidity in early life, and hopefully identify novel targets for diagnosis and early intervention

Airway epithelium respiratory illnesses and allergy (AERIAL) birth cohort: study protocol

IntroductionRecurrent wheezing disorders including asthma are complex and heterogeneous diseases that affect up to 30% of all children, contributing to a major burden on children, their families, and global healthcare systems. It is now recognized that a dysfunctional airway epithelium plays a central role in the pathogenesis of recurrent wheeze, although the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. This prospective birth cohort aims to bridge this knowledge gap by investigating the influence of intrinsic epithelial dysfunction on the risk for developing respiratory disorders and the modulation of this risk by maternal morbidities, in utero exposures, and respiratory exposures in the first year of life.MethodsThe Airway Epithelium Respiratory Illnesses and Allergy (AERIAL) study is nested within the ORIGINS Project and will monitor 400 infants from birth to 5 years. The primary outcome of the AERIAL study will be the identification of epithelial endotypes and exposure variables that influence the development of recurrent wheezing, asthma, and allergic sensitisation. Nasal respiratory epithelium at birth to 6 weeks, 1, 3, and 5 years will be analysed by bulk RNA-seq and DNA methylation sequencing. Maternal morbidities and in utero exposures will be identified on maternal history and their effects measured through transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses of the amnion and newborn epithelium. Exposures within the first year of life will be identified based on infant medical history as well as on background and symptomatic nasal sampling for viral PCR and microbiome analysis. Daily temperatures and symptoms recorded in a study-specific Smartphone App will be used to identify symptomatic respiratory illnesses.DiscussionThe AERIAL study will provide a comprehensive longitudinal assessment of factors influencing the association between epithelial dysfunction and respiratory morbidity in early life, and hopefully identify novel targets for diagnosis and early intervention

Virus Adaptation by Manipulation of Host's Gene Expression

Viruses adapt to their hosts by evading defense mechanisms and taking over cellular metabolism for their own benefit. Alterations in cell metabolism as well as side-effects of antiviral responses contribute to symptoms development and virulence. Sometimes, a virus may spill over from its usual host species into a novel one, where usually will fail to successfully infect and further transmit to new host. However, in some cases, the virus transmits and persists after fixing beneficial mutations that allow for a better exploitation of the new host. This situation would represent a case for a new emerging virus. Here we report results from an evolution experiment in which a plant virus was allowed to infect and evolve on a naïve host. After 17 serial passages, the viral genome has accumulated only five changes, three of which were non-synonymous. An amino acid substitution in the viral VPg protein was responsible for the appearance of symptoms, whereas one substitution in the viral P3 protein the epistatically contributed to exacerbate severity. DNA microarray analyses show that the evolved and ancestral viruses affect the global patterns of host gene expression in radically different ways. A major difference is that genes involved in stress and pathogen response are not activated upon infection with the evolved virus, suggesting that selection has favored viral strategies to escape from host defenses