Identity profile of young people experiencing a sense of risk on the internet: a data mining application of decision tree with CHAID algorithm

[EN]Social media, interactive games, and digital platforms are just some of the ways in which the internet has become part of our lives, and more specifically so among young people. Among other things, this technology is the reason young people are spending increasingly more time online than offline, prompting numerous risks that they are sometimes unaware of. The following quantitative research is based on this premise, and it pursues two objectives, namely, to discover whether or not young people experience a sense of risk linked to their use of the internet and identify the kind of young people that say they do or do not perceive any such risk. A total of 1991 young people answered the Technology Use Studies questionnaire. The classification tree technique based on the Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) was applied to identify the predictive variables associated with the sense of risk in young people. Two highly significant results have been forthcoming: firstly, we present the factors with the biggest impact on a young person's internet-related sense of risk, involving isolation when they cannot go online, followed by variables such as gender, the use of TikTok, and videogames, the consumption of pornography, and distraction from study time. Secondly, our results indicate that the young people that feel isolated when they cannot go online are precisely the ones that do not experience a sense of online risk. It is therefore of vital importance for education to generate and provide young people with strategies that allow them to establish a healthy and responsible relationship with technologies such as the internet

Complications Associated with Enteral Nutrition: CAFANE Study

[EN] Objectives: To determine the association between home enteral nutrition (HEN) administration modality and its complications in patients. Methods: This is a prospective multicenter longitudinal study including 15 Spanish hospitals, from April 2015 to March 2017. A 4-month follow-up period was conducted for each patient by home visit. The study subjects were adult patients who began their nutrient intake by tube feeding, known as HEN, during the recruitment period. The variables studied included the type and modality of HEN administration and its related complications, such as vomiting, regurgitation, constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal distention. Mechanical complications and bronchoaspiration were also evaluated. Descriptive variables were used for fitting. Results: The study consisted of 306 patients; 4 were lost due to death. Specific HEN modalities protected against constipation (odds ratio (OR) = 0.4) and regurgitation (OR = 0.4). The use of a nasogastric tube (NGT) resulted in a lower risk of diarrhea compared to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) (OR = 0.4) but resulted in a higher risk of tube obstruction (OR = 7.4). The use of intermittent gravity versus bolus feeding was a protection factor against vomiting (OR = 0.4), regurgitation (OR = 0.3), constipation (OR = 0.3), diarrhea (OR = 0.4) and abdominal distension (OR = 0.4). The increase in the number of doses was a risk factor for the incidence of regurgitation (OR = 1.3). Conclusions: Gastrointestinal complications were the most frequent problems, but an adequate choice of the formula, route, feeding modality, number of doses, administration time, and dose volume can reduce the risk of these complications

Estudio de los enfoques de aprendizaje en estudiantes universitarios de ciencias sociales y ciencias de la salud de la Universidad de Salamanca. Una visión multivariante a través de manova-biplot

Several studies have contributed to promoting research on learning approaches at the university level. The approach taken by the students can be surface or deep and can change depending on different contextual variables. The main goal of this work was to study the type of learning approach presented by students from the areas of Social and Legal Sciences and Health Sciences at the University of Salamanca. The samples under study were 518 students from the area of Social and Legal Sciences and 300 students from Health Sciences. The R-SPQ-2F questionnaire was analyzed and the differences between the learning approaches and the areas of knowledge studied were measured using the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples. To visualize the relationships between learning approaches and knowledge areas, the Manova-Biplot multivariate analysis was carried out. The findings found that the deep approach and superficial approach are practically independent. The deep approach predominates in the area of Health Sciences and there are significant differences in this approach between students from Health Sciences and students from Social and Legal Sciences.Numerosos estudios han contribuido a impulsar la investigación sobre enfoques de aprendizaje en el ámbito universitario. El enfoque adoptado por los estudiantes frente a la realización de la tarea puede ser superficial o profundo y tiende a cambiar en función de diferentes variables contextuales. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue estudiar el tipo de enfoque de aprendizaje que presentan los estudiantes de las áreas de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas y Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Salamanca. La muestra objeto de estudio estuvo compuesta por 518 alumnos del área de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas y 300 alumnos de Ciencias de la Salud. Se utilizó el cuestionario R-SPQ-2F yse midieron las diferencias entre los enfoques deaprendizajeylasáreas de conocimiento estudiadas a través de la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes. Para visualizar las relaciones entre los enfoques de aprendizaje y las áreas de conocimiento, se llevó a cabo el análisis multivariante Manova-Biplot. Los hallazgos obtenidos muestran que el enfoque profundo y el enfoque superficial son prácticamente independientes. El enfoque profundo predomina en el área de ciencias de la salud y se constatan diferencias significativas en este enfoque entre los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud y los estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas

Grado de afectividad del léxico emocional más frecuente del inglés en los niveles básico e intermedio e implicaciones para su docencia

Memoria ID-0166. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2017-2018

Una Alternativa al Algoritmo Chaid de Segmentación Basada en Entropía.

The CHAID (Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) treebased segmentation technique has been found to be an effective approach for obtaining meaningful segments that are predictive of a K-category (nominal or ordinal) criterion variable. CHAID was designed to detect, in an automatic way, the  nteraction between several categorical or ordinal predictors in explaining a categorical response, but, this may not be true when Simpson’s paradox is present. This is due to the fact that CHAID is a forward selection algorithm based on the marginal counts. In this paper we propose a backwards elimination algorithm that starts with the full set of predictors (or full tree) and eliminates predictors progressively. The elimination procedure is based on Conditional Independence contrasts using the concept of entropy. The proposed procedure is compared to CHAID.La técnica de segmentación basada en árboles CHAID (Detección Automática de Interacción basada en el Chi Cuadrado, o Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection, por sus siglas en inglés) ha mostrado ser útil para obtener segmentos significativos que sean predictivos de una variable criterio de K categorías (nominal u ordinal).CHAID fue diseñado para detectar, de manera automática, la interacción entre  varios predictores categóricos u ordinales para explicar una respuesta categórica,  pero esto puede no ser cierto cuando se presenta la paradoja de Simpson. Esto se debe al hecho de que CHAID es un algoritmo de selección hacia adelante basado en conteos marginales. En este artículo proponemos un algoritmo de eliminación hacia atrás que empieza con el conjunto completo de predictores (o árbol completo) y elimina progresivamente predictores. El procedimiento de eliminación está basado en contrastes de independencia condicional usando el concepto de entropía. El procedimiento propuesto es comparado con CHAID

Sesión expositiva y debate a través de un foro: método de evaluación de competencias en la materia "Diagnóstico por imagen para fisioterapeutas"

Memoria ID-0223. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2015-2016

Relationship between intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery and arterial stiffness in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes: a case-series report

Background: We examined the relationship between the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (CCA-IMT) and arterial stiffness, assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV), the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and the augmentation index (AIx) in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Methods: A case-series study was made in 366 patients (105 diabetics and 261-non-diabetics). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed on a day of standard activity with the SpaceLabs 90207 system. AASI was calculated as "1-slope" from the within-person regression of diastolic-on-systolic ambulatory blood pressure readings. PWV and AIx were measured with the SphygmoCor system, and a Sonosite Micromax ultrasound unit was used for automatic measurements of CCA-IMT. Results: PWV, AASI and CCA-IMT were found to be greater in diabetic patients, while no differences in AIx were observed between the two groups. CCA-IMT was independently correlated to the three measures of arterial stiffness in both groups. We found an increase in CCA-IMT of 0.40, 0.24 and 0.36 mm in diabetics, and of 0.48, 0.17 and 0.55 mm in non-diabetics for each unit increase in AASI, AIx and PWV. The variability of CCA-IMT was explained mainly by AASI, AIx and gender in diabetic patients, and by age, gender, AASI and PWV in non-diabetic patients. Conclusions: CCA-IMT showed a positive correlation to PWV, AASI and AIx in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. However, when adjusting for age, gender and heart rate, the association to PWV was lost in diabetic patients, in the same way as the association to Alx in non-diabetic patients. The present study demonstrates that the three measures taken to assess arterial stiffness in clinical practice are not interchangeable, nor do they behave equally in all subjects

Detection of mild cognitive impairment in people older than 65 years of age and its relationship to cardiovascular risk factors (DECRIVAM)

[ENG]Background: Studies centered on the detection of cognitive impairment and its relationship to cardiovascular risk factors in elderly people have gained special relevance in recent years. Knowledge of the cardiovascular risk factors that may be associated to cognitive impairment could be very useful for introducing treatments in early stagesthereby possibly contributing to improve patient quality of life. The present study explores cognitive performance in people over 65 years of age in Salamanca (Spain), with special emphasis on the identification of early symptoms of cognitive impairment, with the purpose of detecting mild cognitive impairment and of studying the relationships between this clinical situation and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods/Design: A longitudinal study is contemplated. The reference population will consist of 420 people over 65 years of age enrolled through randomized sampling stratified by healthcare area, and who previously participated in another study. Measurement: a) Sociodemographic variables; b) Cardiovascular risk factors; c) Comorbidity; d) Functional level for daily life activities; and e) Study of higher cognitive functions based on a neuropsychological battery especially adapted to the evaluation of elderly people. Discussion: We hope that this study will afford objective information on the representative prevalence of cognitive impairment in the population over 65 years of age in Salamanca. We also hope to obtain data on the relationship between cognitive impairment and cardiovascular risk factors in this specific population group. Based on the results obtained, we also will be able to establish the usefulness of some of the screening tests applied during the study, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination and the 7 Minute Screen test. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT0132719

Aplicación del aprendizaje basado en problemas en las asignaturas de psicología fisiológica y neuropsicología general del Grado en Psicología

Memoria ID-218. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2019-2020

Behavioural intervention to reduce disruptive behaviours in adult day care centres users: A randomizsed clinical trial (PROCENDIAS study)

[ENG]Aim: This study assesses the effect of an intervention to reduce the disruptive behaviours (DB) presented by care recipient users of adult day care centres (ADCC), thereby reducing caregiver overload. While ADCC offer beneficial respite for family caregivers, the DB that many care recipients show promote resistance to attending these centres, which can be a great burden on their family caregivers. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: The study was carried out with 130 family caregivers of people attending seven ADCC in the municipality of Salamanca (Spain), randomly distributed into intervention and control groups. The intervention was applied across eight sessions, one per week, in groups of 8–10 people where caregivers were trained in the Antecedent- Behavior-Consequence (ABC) model of functional behaviour analysis. The primary outcome was the reduction of DB measured with the Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist (RMBPC). Results: An average reduction in the RMBPC of 4.34 points was obtained in the intervention group after applying the intervention (p < 0.01 (U de Mann–Whitney); Cohen d = 1.00); furthermore, differences were found in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (U = −2.67; p = 0.008; Cohen d = 0.50) and in the Short Zarit Burden Interview (Short ZBI) (t = −4.10; p < 0.01; Cohen d = 0.98). Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that the implementation of this intervention could reduce both the frequency of DB occurrence and the reaction of the caregiver to their appearance. Improvement was also noted in the results regarding overload and emotional state of the family caregiver. Impact: To our knowledge, this is the first randomized clinical trial to show that an intervention based on the ABC model could reduce the frequency and reaction of DB of care recipients in ADCC increasing their quality of life, and improving the mental health and overload of their family caregivers