Der Zeustempel von Olympia. Rekonstruktionen des Tempels und des Ostgiebels im Vergleich

Eine virtuelle 3D-Rekonstruktion des Zeustempels von Olympia bildet die Grundlage für weitergehende Fragestellungen in diesem Artikel. So lassen sich nun verschiedene Hypothesen zur Beleuchtung der kolossalen Goldelfenbeinstatue des Pheidias im Tempelinneren durch Experimente mit virtuellem Lichteinfall im 3D-Modell untersuchen. Auch kann nun einfach ermittelt werden, ob verschiedene, bisher in der Fachliteratur diskutierte Anordnungen der Figuren im Ostgiebel des Tempels, überhaupt möglich oder plausibel sind. In der Vergangenheit vorgeschlagene Varianten beruhen häufig auf Gipsmodellen. Diese und die daraus gezogenen Schlussfolgerungen lassen sich z. T. nicht mithilfe des 3D-Modells nachvollziehen. Aus diesem Grund wurden die historischen Gipsmodelle gescannt und konnten so mit dem virtuellen 3D-Modell exakt verglichen werden.A first, virtual 3D reconstruction of the temple of Zeus at Olympia forms the basis for further investigations in this article. The 3D model now allows the exploration of several hypotheses concerning the lighting of the colossal golden ivory statue of Pheidias in the temple interior by experiments with virtual lighting. Moreover, the various arrangements of the sculptures in the east pediment of the temple that have been suggested by previous researchers, can be tested and thus determined whether they are plausible or not. The different variations proposed in the past were oten based on plaster copies. This study compares these historic reconstructions and their interpretations which are not always identical with the 3D model. Therefore, the historic plastic models were scanned so that they could be compared precisely

¿Por qué las mujeres adultas estaban excluidas de los Juegos Olímpicos?

It is a well-known fact that adult women were banned from attending the Olympic Games and that those who violated this rule were supposed to be executed. It is generally assumed and indeed very likely that the exclusion can be seen as a remnant of an age-old religious taboo with a terrifying and deterring effect. In ancient Greece, it is only the cult of Ephesian Artemis in which a similar restriction is applied to women, but similar rules are found all over the world and concern hunters and their wives. In addition, written sources attest that the vicinity of the sanctuary was regarded as a superb hunting ground and Early Iron Age finds also suggest that initially, hunting was the main attraction of the sanctuary. It is therefore argued that the exclusion of married women at Olympia derived from hunting ceremonies and from the related cult of Artemis.Es un hecho bien conocido que las mujeres adultas estaban excluidas de poder asistir a los Juegos Olímpicos y que aquéllas que violasen esta regla supuestamente serían ejecutadas. Se asume generalmente y es sin duda muy probable que la exclusión pueda ser vista como un remanente de un tabú religioso secular con un efecto de aterrorizar y disuadir. En la antigua Grecia, solamente en el culto de Artemisa Efesia se aplicaba una restricción similar a las mujeres, pero se encuentran reglas similares por todo el mundo y conciernen a los cazadores a sus mujeres. Además, las fuentes escritas dan fe de que la cercanía del santuario se veía como un campo de caza soberbio, y los hallazgos de la Edad de Hierro temprana también sugieren que inicialmente, la caza era la principal atracción del santuario. Se argumenta, así pues, que la exclusión de las mujeres casadas en Olimpia derivaba de las ceremonias de caza y del culto relacionado de Artemisa

Olympiai Zeus-templom keleti oromcsoportjának rekonstrukciói = Reconstructions of the East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia

Elkészült a projekt első szakaszának (NNF 78486) eredményeit bemutató multimédiás CD-ROM (ISBN 978-963-284-196-0) Digitalizálásra került az oromcsoport mindkét korábbi, gipszből készített rekonstrukciója Drezdában. Ez utóbbi rekonstrukciók és a projekt korábbi szakaszában készült virtuális 3D rekonstrukció összehasonlításával sikerült tisztázni az eltérések okait. A virtuális 3D rekonstrukció ennek fényében helytállónak bizonyult. Az eredményeket nemzetközi fórumokon és idegennyelvű, külföldi folyóiratokban publikáltam. 2011 július 20: Nicosia, Cyprus Institute, Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Center, Scientific Seminar: ""The virtual 3D reconstruction of the east pediment of the temple of Zeus at Olympia - New technologies applied to a century-old archaeological question"". szeptember 12: Prága, XXIIIrd CIPA Symposium: “The Virtual 3D Reconstruction of the East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia – Presentation of an Interactive CD-ROM” november 21: Berlin, Altertumswissenschaftliches Kolloquium Institut für Klassische Archäologie der Freien Universität: „Olympia 3D – Die virtuelle Rekonstruktion des Ostgiebels” 2012. január 21: Bamberg, Tagung der AG CAA: „The Virtual 3D Reconstruction of the East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia” (poster) március 27: Southampton, 40th Congress of Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology: „The Virtual 3D Reconstruction of the East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia” | The results of the previous part of the project (NNF 78486) have been published on a multimedia CD-ROM (ISBN 978-963-284-196-0) Both earlier plaster reconstructions of the pedimental group were digitized in Dresden. Comparing these models with the virtual 3D reconstruction produced during the first part of the project, the puzzling differences could be satisfactorily explained and the virtual 3D reconstruction proved to be reliable. The results were presented on international conferences and published in international periodicals. 2011 20th July: Nicosia, Cyprus Institute, Scientific Seminar: ""The virtual 3D reconstruction of the east pediment of the temple of Zeus at Olympia - New technologies applied to a century-old archaeological question"". 12th September: Prága, XXIIIrd CIPA Symposium: “The Virtual 3D Reconstruction of the East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia – Presentation of an Interactive CD-ROM” 21st November: Berlin, Altertumswissenschaftliches Kolloquium Institut für Klassische Archäologie der Freien Universität: „Olympia 3D – Die virtuelle Rekonstruktion des Ostgiebels” 2012. 21st January: Bamberg, Tagung der AG CAA: „The Virtual 3D Reconstruction of the East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia” (poster) 27th March: Southampton, 40th Congress of Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology: „The Virtual 3D Reconstruction of the East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia

Factors Affecting Graduates’ Employability of Business-Related Programs: A Tracer Study

The goal of the study was to ascertain the job history and status of Jose Rizal Memorial State University graduates, in particular those who completed the bachelor's degree programs in tourism and hotel and restaurant management between 2012 and 2016. The design of this tracer study utilized a descriptive quantitative methodology. To collect pertinent study data, a modified, standardized questionnaire and interviewing methods were employed as the instrument. Only 109 graduates out of a total of 241 responded to the survey via email and social networking sites. In order to determine the respondent's profile and mean for the degree of usefulness and relevance of the work-related values and abilities and curriculum-related elements, a frequency count and percentage computation were used. According to the survey, honesty and love of God are "Very Much Helpful" in the tourism industry, along with work-related qualities. Communication abilities were identified as being "Very Much Connected" to the job requirements for both tourism and the management of hotels and restaurants. With the exception of Natural Science, Culinary Arts and Services, and Accounting for HRM, practically all of the variables had significant relevance from elements relating to the curriculum. It is advised that the curriculum be modified to reflect changes in the new educational system and to accommodate the shifting needs of business. To increase the number of graduates, teachers should also improve or change their teaching methods to better meet the needs and requirements of the different types of students they are teaching. &nbsp

Longitudinal MRI assessment: the identification of relevant features in the development of posterior fossa syndrome in children

Up to 25% of children who undergo brain tumour resection surgery in the posterior fossa develop posterior fossa syndrome (PFS). This syndrome is characterised by mutism and disturbance in speech. Our hypothesis is that there is a correlation between PFS and the occurrence of hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) in lobes within the posterior fossa, known as the inferior olivary nuclei (ION). HOD is exhibited as an increase in size and intensity of the ION on an MR image. Intra-operative MRI (IoMRI) is used during surgical procedures at the Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, England, in the treatment of Posterior Fossa tumours and allows visualisation of the brain during surgery. The final MR scan on the IoMRI allows early assessment of the ION immediately after the surgical procedure. The longitudinal MRI data of 28 patients was analysed in a collaborative study with Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, in order to identify the most relevant imaging features that relate to the development of PFS, specifically related to HOD. A semi-automated segmentation process was carried out to delineate the ION on each MRI. Feature selection techniques were used to identify the most relevant features amongst the MRI data, demographics and clinical data provided by the hospital. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to analyse the discriminative ability of the selected features. The results indicate the presence of HOD as the most efficient feature that correlates with the development of PFS, followed by the change in intensity and size of the ION and whether HOD occurred bilaterally or unilaterally

Rekonstruktionen des Tempels und des Ostgiebels im Vergleich

Eine virtuelle 3D-Rekonstruktion des Zeustempels von Olympia bildet die Grundlage für weitergehende Fragestellungen in diesem Artikel. So lassen sich nun verschiedene Hypothesen zur Beleuchtung der kolossalen Goldelfenbeinstatue des Pheidias im Tempelinneren durch Experimente mit virtuellem Lichteinfall im 3D-Modell untersuchen. Auch kann nun einfach ermittelt werden, ob verschiedene, bisher in der Fachliteratur diskutierte Anordnungen der Figuren im Ostgiebel des Tempels, überhaupt möglich oder plausibel sind. In der Vergangenheit vorgeschlagene Varianten beruhen häufig auf Gipsmodellen. Diese und die daraus gezogenen Schlussfolgerungen lassen sich z. T. nicht mithilfe des 3D-Modells nachvollziehen. Aus diesem Grund wurden die historischen Gipsmodelle gescannt und konnten so mit dem virtuellen 3D-Modell exakt verglichen werden

Az olympiai Zeus-templom oromcsoportjainak virtuális 3D rekonstrukciója = Virtual 3D reconstruction of the pediments of the temple of Zeus at Olympia

Az oromcsoport 3D virtuális modelljével végzett kísérletek a következő eredményekre vezettek: a G. Treu által 1897-ben fizikailag megvalósíthatatlannak tartott „nyílt A” típusú elrendezésről, amelyet ma a legáltalánosabban elfogadottnak lehet tekinteni, valóban elmondható, hogy valamennyi lehetséges változat közül a legnehezebben lett volna kivitelezhető. Mindkét nyílt elrendezés esetében felmerül továbbá az a nehézség, hogy a férfialakok kezében tartott lándzsák csak akkor férnek el a rendelkezésre álló térben, ha mindkét alak közvetlenül a lándzsahegy alatt markolja azokat. Ez ikonográfiailag és esztétikailag sem tekinthető valószínűnek. A zárt elrendezések esetében a lándzsákkal ilyenfajta problémák nem adódnak, és ezért a zárt elrendezések alapvetően lényegesen valószínűbbnek tekinthetők, mint a nyílt változatok. A két zárt elrendezés közül technikai vagy esztétikai alapon nem lehet a választani, de a lelőhelyadatok tanúsága és a K valamint a G alak esetében a hajkidolgozásban megfigyelhető optikai korrekciók egyértelműen a F. Studniczka és E. Buschor nevével fémjelzett, legutóbb P. Grunauer által is legvalószínűbbnek tartott „A” verziót támasztják alá. Az oromcsoport értelmezésétől független valamennyi adat és megfontolás egybehangzó tanúsága alapján tehát kijelenthető, hogy összességében a „zárt A” elrendezés tekinthető a legvalószínűbbnek. | Experiments carried out with the reconstructed virtual 3D model of the pediment lead to the following conclusions: the ""open A"" arrangement, which G. Treu declared to be physically impossible in 1897, and which is most commonly accepted today, is indeed the most difficult to realize In the case of both open arrangements, another problem arises: the spears in the hands of the male figures fit the available space only if both of them grip the shaft directly under the spear-head. This is most improbable both for iconographic or aesthetic reasons. In the case of closed arrangements, we have no such problems with the spears, thus these arrangements can be regarded more probable than the open variants. Technical or aesthetic considerations do not decide for either of them, yet the position of the excavated fragments at the site (secondary context) and the optical corrections in the elaboration of the hair of figure K and G expressly support the ""closed A"" arrangement, which was advocated first by F. Studniczka and E. Buschor, and most recently by P. Grunauer. All pieces of evidence and every consideration which is independent from the interpretation of the pediment point therefore unanimously to the ""closed A"" arrangement, which can therefore be regarded as the most probable reconstruction