Defense Trade-offs in the Evolution of the Fruits and Flowers of Genus Cornus

The optimal defense hypothesis predicts that the allocation of plant defenses across plant organs is proportional to the importance of a given organ to plant fitness. Despite this, much less work has been devoted to the study of reproductive defenses in plants relative to vegetative structures like leaves. This study examines the apparancy hypothesis and the resource availability hypothesis using a phylogenetic comparative approach within the genus Cornus . During the 2016 growing season, plants of 25 species of Cornus were tracked for flower and fruit phenology as well as sampled for floral and fruit tissue in a common garden experiment at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. This tissue was used to quantify floral and fruit defensive chemistry (e.g. tannin activity, total phenolics, total flavonoids, titratable acidity), and fruit palatability traits (e.g. water, sugar, lipid, and protein content), and the color of reproductive structure using reflectance spectroscopy. Native habitat environmental data was obtained using digitized herbarium records and publicly available environmental data layers. Trait-trait and trait-environment relationships were assessed with phylogenetic generalized least squares regression. The evolution of later flowering phenology was correlated with increased floral phenolics and tannins, and the evolution of increased fruiting duration was correlated with increased fruit tannins, both supporting the apparancy hypothesis. Additionally, the evolution of higher fruit sugar content was correlated with higher fruit tannins, and a strong evolutionary trade-off between the production of tannins and the production of flavonoids was observed. With respect to habitat, floral and fruit flavonoids and tannins were consistently lower in species native to warmer environments, while fruit phenolics and was higher in drier environments, which may support the resource availability hypothesis

Anomalía congénita del atlas asociada con fractura de la apófisis espinosa de C-7 : a propósito de 1 caso

Se presenta 1 paciente con un defecto congenita del arco posterior del atlas asociado con una fractura de la apólisis espinosa de C-7. La TAC, precedida de una correcta evaluación clínica, permiten diferenciar los traumatismos agudos de las anomalías congénitas en el atlas.A case of a congenital cleft of the posterior arch of the atlas associated with a fracture of the spinous process of C-7 is reported. Appropiate clinical evaluation and CT-scan study allow to differentiate acute trauma from a congenital abnormality in the atlas

Microscopic co-existence of superconductivity and magnetism in Ba1-xKxFe2As2

It is widely believed that, in contrast to its electron doped counterparts, the hole doped compound Ba1-xKxFe2As2 exhibits a mesoscopic phase separation of magnetism and superconductivity in the underdoped region of the phase diagram. Here, we report a combined high-resolution x-ray powder diffraction and volume sensitive muon spin rotation study of underdoped Ba1-xKxFe2As2 (0 \leq x \leq 0.25) showing that this paradigm is wrong. Instead we find a microscopic coexistence of the two forms of order. A competition of magnetism and superconductivity is evident from a significant reduction of the magnetic moment and a concomitant decrease of the magneto-elastically coupled orthorhombic lattice distortion below the superconducting phase transition.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Pseudoartrosis de húmero en la enfermedad de Paget: presentación de un caso

Presentamos un paciente diagnosticado de enfermedad de Paget que sufrió una fractura patológica del húmero. El tratamiento ortopédico de la fractura deparó una pseudoartrosis. El resultado del tratamiento quirúrgico de ésta fue bueno. Se discute la incidencia de la afectación del húmero en la enfermedad de Paget y aspectos relativos a la curación de las fracturas del mismo.A patient with Paget's disease who had a pathological fracture of the humerus was presented. The fracture was orthopedically treated and developed non-union. Good result was achieved with surgical treatment. Incidence of Paget's disease on the humerus and healing in these fractures are discussed

Microscopic Study of the Superconducting State of the Iron Pnictide RbFe_2As_2

A study of the temperature and field dependence of the penetration depth \lambda of the superconductor RbFe_2As_2 (T_c=2.52 K) was carried out by means of muon-spin rotation measurements. In addition to the zero temperature value of the penetration depth \lambda(0)=267(5) nm, a determination of the upper critical field B_c2(0)=2.6(2) T was obtained. The temperature dependence of the superconducting carrier concentration is discussed within the framework of a multi-gap scenario. Compared to the other "122" systems which exhibit much higher Fermi level, a strong reduction of the large gap BCS ratio 2\Delta/k_B T_c is observed. This is interpreted as a consequence of the absence of interband processes. Indications of possible pair-breaking effect are also discussed.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Seismic effects in archaeological sites: Archaeoseismological cataloguing and quantification

The analysis of the damage caused by seismic events in archaeological sites provides significant information about ancient and historic earthquakes that can improve seismic hazard analysis. In this paper a methodological analysis to quantify the deformation of structural damage recorded in archaeological sites is proposed. This methodology focuses on the establishment of the seismic/non-seismic origin of the observed damage and consists of three phases: (a) identification and inventory of damage; (b) quantification of deformation; and (c) incorporation of the results to seismic catalogues. The first phase is the inventory and mapping of the damage according with the classification of archaeological effects of earthquakes (EAEs). The second phase is to quantify the deformation of damage by setting different parameters such as the direction of maximum horizontal strain (ey). This analysis is performed at different levels: for each of the recorded EAEs, for all the records of a particular category of EAEs, and finally for the complete archaeological site including all the categories of EAEs. The homogeneity of the results (damage orientation) allows us to establish the seismic origin of deformations. This methodology has been developed in the Roman site of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, Spain) and has been applied to different historical earthquakes in the Iberian Peninsula. To calibrate the method, analyses on oriented damage were carried out immediately after the recent instrumental earthquakes of Lorca 2011 (5.1 Mw, Spain) and Emilia Romagna 2012 (5.9 Mw; Italy).The analysis of the damage caused by seismic events in archaeological sites provides significant information about ancient and historic earthquakes that can improve seismic hazard analysis. In this paper a methodological analysis to quantify the deformation of structural damage recorded in archaeological sites is proposed. This methodology focuses on the establishment of the seismic / non-seismic origin of the observed damage and consists of three phases: (a) identification and inventory of damage; (b) quantification of deformation; and (c) incorporation of the results to seismic catalogues. The first phase is the inventory and mapping of the damage according with the classification of archaeological effects of earthquakes (EAEs). The second phase is to quantify the deformation of damage by setting different parameters such as the direction of maximum horizontal strain (ey). This analysis is performed at different levels: for each of the recorded EAEs, for all the records of a particular category of EAEs, and finally for the complete archaeological site including all the categories of EAEs. The homogeneity of the results (damage orientation) allows us to establish the seismic origin of deformations. This methodology has been developed in the Roman site of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, Spain) and has been applied to different historical earthquakes in the Iberian Peninsula. To calibrate the method, analyses on oriented damage were carried out immediately after the recent instrumental earthquakes of Lorca 2011 (5.1 Mw, Spain) and Emilia Romagna 2012 (5.9 Mw; Italy).Este trabajo ha sido financiado por los proyectos CGL2015-67169-P (QTECTSPAIN, USAL) y CATESI-07 (IGME). Es una contribución al INQUA TERPRO Project 1299 y a los grupos de trabajo QTECT-AEQUA y GQMAEQU

Spectral Redundancy for Calibrating Interferometers and Suppressing the Foreground Wedge in 21\,cm Cosmology

Observations of 21\,cm line from neutral hydrogen promise to be an exciting new probe of astrophysics and cosmology during the Cosmic Dawn and through the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) to when dark energy accelerates the expansion of the Universe. At each of these epochs, separating bright foregrounds from the cosmological signal is a primary challenge that requires exquisite calibration. In this paper, we present a new calibration method called \textsc{nucal} that extends redundant-baseline calibration, allowing spectral variation in antenna responses to be solved for by using correlations between visibilities measuring the same angular Fourier modes at different frequencies. By modeling the chromaticity of the beam-weighted sky with a tunable set of discrete prolate spheroidal sequences (DPSS), we develop a calibration loop that optimizes for spectrally smooth calibrated visibilities. Crucially, this technique does not require explicit models of the sky or the primary beam. With simulations that incorporate realistic source and beam chromaticity, we show that this method solves for unsmooth bandpass features, exposes narrowband interference systematics, and suppresses smooth-spectrum foregrounds below the level of 21\,cm reionization models, even within much of the so-called "wedge" region where current foreground mitigation techniques struggle. We show that this foreground subtraction can be performed with minimal cosmological signal loss for certain well-sampled angular Fourier modes, making spectral-redundant calibration a promising technique for current and next-generation 21\,cm intensity mapping experiments.Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures, Submitted to MNRA

Osteomielitis y tumor de Ewing: aspectos clínicos y radiográficos comunes

La osteomielitis aguda y el tumor de Ewing, dos entidades de naturaleza bien distinta, pueden mostrar semejanzas clínicas y radiográficas. Presentamos un caso de tumor de Ewing clásico y dos de osteomielitis que plantearon sendas dudas diagnósticas. Concluimos insistiendo en la importancia de un diagnóstico diferencial definitivo precoz mediante biopsia y cultivo en estas circunstancias.Acute osteomyelitis and Ewing's sarcoma are diseases of quite different natur e which may show similar clinical and radiographic characteristics. The author s present a case of classic Ewing's sarcoma ant two case s of osteomyelitis that suposed diagnosti c doubts in each case . They conclude emphasizing on the importanc e of an early, definitive differential diagnosis in thes e circunstance s by means of a biopsy and bacteriologic culture

Modelo tectónico reciente de la Cuenca Alta del Tajo (parte central española)

Active tectonics within the Upper Tagus Basin is related to the lithospheric flexure affecting the Palaeozoic basement of the basin. This flexure displays NE-SW trending. Besides, this structure is in agreement with the regional active stress field defined by the maximum horizontal stress with NW-SE trending. In this tectonic framework, irregular clusters of instrumental seismicity (Mw< 5.0) fade in the zone bounded by the Tagus River and the Jarama River valleys. These clusters are related to major NW-SE trending faults of suspected strike-slip kinematics. Moreover, reverse faults with NE-SW trending are affected by the strike-slip system as well. Despite the reverse faults are in agreement with the present SHMAX orientation, though, they apparently are blocked as seismogenic sources (scarce instrumental seismicity recorded today). In addition, we have determined the regional and local stress/ strain fields and two different fracture patterns were observed. Hence, we have divided the area in two zones: (1) the lateral bands of the basin, defined by reverse faulting (NE-SW trending) and strike-slip faulting (NW-SE trending) and (2) the central zone of the basin characterized by shallow normal faulting and NE-SW trending strike-slip faults. Furthermore, surface faulting and liquefaction structures are described affecting Middle to Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits, suggesting intrabasinal palaeoseismic activity (5.5 < M < 6.5) during the Late Quaternary. The obtained structural and tectonic information has been used to classify and characterize the Upper Tagus Basin as a semi-stable intraplate seismogenic zone, featured by Pleistocene slip-rates < 0.02 mm/yr. This value is low but it affords the occurrence of Pleistocene paleoearthquakes.La tectónica activa de la Cuenca Alta del río Tajo está caracterizada por la presencia de una flexión litosférica localizada en el basamento paleozoico, y cuyo eje se orienta según NE-SW. Esta flexión es coherente con el estado de esfuerzos actual en la zona, definido mediante la orientación del esfuerzo máximo horizontal, SHMAX, según NW-SE. En este contexto, la sismicidad en el borde sur del Sistema Central aparece concentrada en fallas direccionales según NW-SE, registrándose terremotos de magnitud < 5.0 (S. XX). Estos desgarres sectorizan el sistema de fallas inversas (NE-SW) que estructuran la cadena montañosa, las cuales a pesar de estar orientados coherentemente con el estado actual de esfuerzos, aparecen bloqueados o desactivados como fuentes sismogénicas. La geometría de la flexura condiciona la ocurrencia de una zona de concentración anómala de esfuerzos que resulta en la agrupación de eventos sísmicos localizada entre los valles de los ríos Tajo y Jarama. El estudio sismotectónico indica que el campo actual de deformación se encuentra distribuido en dos zonas relacionadas con la flexión: (1) una zona central caracterizada por la presencia de fallas normales superficiales y desgarres orientados según NE-SW; y (2) zona lateral caracterizada por fallas de tipo inverso (NE-SW) y desgarres (NW-SE) y que bordea a la zona anterior. Estudios paleosísmicos en la zona muestran la ocurrencia de diferentes niveles de liquefacción afectando a los depósitos fluviales del Pleistoceno Medio y Superior en los valles de los ríos Manzanares, Jarama y Tajo, así como una importante variedad de estructuras de deformación. En general la granulometría licuefactada muestra diques de arena, aunque en algún caso aparecen niveles decimétricos de gravas. A partir de los datos sismotectónicos, geológicos y paleosísmicos descritos y recopilados para esta zona, la Cuenca alta del Tajo puede clasificarse como una zona sismogénica intraplaca con velocidades de deformación pleistocenas inferiores a 0,02 mm/año y sismicidad instrumental difusa de tamaño moderado-bajo