Effect of water deficit on maize seeds (Zea mays L.) during germination

Received: October 29th, 2022 ; Accepted: March 23rd, 2023 ; Published: April 14th, 2023 ; Correspondence: [email protected] climate changes cause the frequent recurrence of droughts, which reduce crop production more than any other environmental factor. This study was conducted to access the effect of water deficit on maize seeds (Zea mays L.) DKC 5143 hybrid during germination. The tasks were to assess the influence of different rank of osmotic stress on the maize lipid peroxidation (LPO), proline content, catalase and aminotransferases activities, and morphometric parameters during the early stages of maize seeds germination. The maize seeds were exposed to five levels of water availability which produced by PEG-1500 solutions (0, 20, 50, 100, 200 g L-1 ). Seeds of maize were germinated on Petri dishes for 7 days under controlled parameters. Amounts of TBARS were increased in maize sprouted seeds by 1.9 times, coleoptiles by 1.4 times, and in roots - by 1.9 times under water deficit. Proline content increased by 9.2 times in coleoptiles and by 6.0 times in 7 days maize roots while PEG-1500 (200 g L–1 ) treatment. An increasing of catalase (CAT), aminotransferases (ALT, AST) activities according to osmotic potential value was also observed. A remarkable development of maize oxidative reaction was associated with a significant reduction in emergence, wet weight and length of water-stressed plants. These results assume that the maize adaptive strategy to osmotic stress during germination was found in the activation of LPO and antioxidant components. The findings provide useful help for correcting the stress state of maize using osmotically active regulators

Проектирование оптимального по потерям регулятора для управления электроприводом постоянного тока с переменным моментом инерции в системе программирования CoDeSys

CoDeSys programming system is considered as the most complete version of software for programmed logical controllers (PLC) that meets requirements of IEC 61131-3-standard. The given software is the most suitable for simulation and development of control system algorithms and execution of semi-full-scale tests without involvement of an actual object. Programming medium operated at a personal computer in Windows medium. As CoDeSys provides a machine code it is rather easy to support its programming and its minimum support presupposes selection of IN/OUT and program debugging functions.The investigations have been directed on optimization of an electric drive operation with varying inertia moment. The whole software developed for the solution of the considered problem, has been written and realized in the CoDeSys programming system. «Modified principle of maximum» of V. I. Panasiuk is applied as a body of mathematics that allows to obtain positive results of the investigations.Наиболее полной версией программного обеспечения (ПО) для программируемых логических контроллеров (ПЛК), реализующей требования стандарта МЭК 61131-3, является система программирования CoDeSys. Данное ПО – сегодня наиболее подходящее для моделирования и разработки алгоритмов систем управления и проведения полунатурных испытаний без привлечения реального объекта. Среда программирования функционирует на персональном компьютере в среде Windows. Поскольку CoDeSys дает машинный код, поддержка его программирования достаточно проста и по минимуму сводится к набору функций поддержки ввода-вывода и отладки.Исследования данной работы направлены на оптимизацию работы электропривода  с переменным моментом инерции. Все программное обеспечение, созданное для решения рассматриваемой задачи, написано и реализовано в системе программирования CoDeSys. В качестве математического аппарата, позволяющего, по мнению авторов, получить положительные результаты исследования, используется «Модифицированный принцип максимума» В. И. Панасюка. 

The effect of water dynamics on conformation changes of albumin in pre-denaturation state:photon correlation spectroscopy and simulation

Water is essential for protein three-dimensional structure, conformational dynamics, and activity. Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of major blood plasma proteins, and its functioning is fundamentally determined by the dynamics of surrounding water. The goal of this study is to link the conformational dynamics of albumin to the thermal motions in water taking place in the physiological temperature range. We report the results of photon correlation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations of HSA in aqueous solution. The experimental data processing produced the temperature dependence of the HSA hydrodynamic radius and its zeta potential. Molecular dynamics reproduced the results of experiments and revealed changes in the secondary structure caused by the destruction of hydrogen bonds in the macromolecule's globule

The European internet-based patient and research database for primary immunodeficiencies: results 2006-2008

Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are rare diseases; therefore transnational studies are essential to maximize the scientific outcome and to improve diagnosis and therapy. In order to estimate the prevalence of PID in Europe as well as to establish and evaluate harmonized guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PID, the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) has developed an internet-based database for clinical and research data on patients with PID. This database is a platform for epidemiological analyses as well as the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and the identification of novel disease-associated genes. Within 4 years, 7430 patients from 39 countries have been documented in the ESID database. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) represents the most common entity, with 1540 patients or 20.7% of all entries, followed by isolated immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclass deficiency (546 patients, 7.4%). Evaluations show that the average life expectancy for PID patients varies from 1 to 49 years (median), depending on the type of PID. The prevalence and incidence of PID remains a key question to be answered. As the registration progress is far from finished we can only calculate minimum values for PID, with e.g. France currently showing a minimum prevalence of 3.72 patients per 100,000 inhabitants. The most frequently documented permanent treatment is immunoglobulin replacement; 2819 patients (42% of all patients alive) currently receive this form of treatment

Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome: Update from the ESID Registry and comparison with other autoimmune-lymphoproliferative inborn errors of immunity

Background: Activated phosphoinositide-3-kinase d syndrome (APDS) is an inborn error of immunity (IEI) with infection susceptibility and immune dysregulation, clinically overlapping with other conditions. Management depends on disease evolution, but predictors of severe disease are lacking. Objectives: This study sought to report the extended spectrum of disease manifestations in APDS1 versus APDS2; compare these to CTLA4 deficiency, NFKB1 deficiency, and STAT3 gain of-function (GOF) disease; and identify predictors of severity in APDS. Methods: Data was collected from the ESID (European Society for Immunodeficiencies)-APDS registry and was compared with published cohorts of the other IEIs. Results: The analysis of 170 patients with APDS outlines high penetrance and early onset of APDS compared to the other IEIs. The large clinical heterogeneity even in individuals with the same PIK3CD variant E1021K illustrates how poorly the genotype predicts the disease phenotype and course. The high clinical overlap between APDS and the other investigated IEIs suggests relevant pathophysiological convergence of the affected pathways. Preferentially affected organ systems indicate specific pathophysiology: bronchiectasis is typical of APDS1; interstitial lung disease and enteropathy are more common in STAT3 GOF and CTLA4 deficiency. Endocrinopathies are most frequent in STAT3 GOF, but growth impairment is also common, particularly in APDS2. Early clinical presentation is a risk factor for severe disease in APDS. Conclusions: APDS illustrates how a single genetic variant can result in a diverse autoimmune-lymphoproliferative phenotype. Overlap with other IEIs is substantial. Some specific features distinguish APDS1 from APDS2. Early onset is a risk factor for severe disease course calling for specific treatment studies in younger patients. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023;152:984-96.

PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE CSTO AND INCREASE OF ITS ROLE IN ENSURING COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN EURASIA

In article problems of development of standard bases of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and increase of its role in ensuring collective security in Eurasia are researched. The authors note that an important problem is the condition of legal bases of cooperation of the states entering into the CSTO. The analysis of regulations of the CSTO has shown that their norms in most cases don't contain necessary mechanisms of realization in which development in an independent order the management board at the organization is engaged. Also there is no uniform standardly fixed strategy of actions and reactions of the states of the CSTO to the international and interstate conflicts. Development of legal base of the international relations of the CSTO with the leading international organizations of the Asian region is investigated historically. The special attention is paid to partnership of the CSTO with the leading international organizations having significant effect on a condition of collective security in Eurasia. Memorandums of cooperation with the UN, SCO, the CIS, EurAsEC, the Union State, the Plan of Colombo, are signed by Regional anti-terrorist structure of SCO, the Anti-terrorist center and Coordination service of Council of commanders of border troops of the CIS. The authors note that the CSTO acts as the block capable to resist in the designated region of expansion of "the western values", not always reasonable and interesting to the Euroasian community. Now the tendency of gradual transformation of the CSTO from military education in multipurpose international structure was designated

Designing of Loss Optimum Regulator for Control of D.C. Electric Drive with Varying Inertia Moment in CoDeSys Programming System

CoDeSys programming system is considered as the most complete version of software for programmed logical controllers (PLC) that meets requirements of IEC 61131-3-standard. The given software is the most suitable for simulation and development of control system algorithms and execution of semi-full-scale tests without involvement of an actual object. Programming medium operated at a personal computer in Windows medium. As CoDeSys provides a machine code it is rather easy to support its programming and its minimum support presupposes selection of IN/OUT and program debugging functions.The investigations have been directed on optimization of an electric drive operation with varying inertia moment. The whole software developed for the solution of the considered problem, has been written and realized in the CoDeSys programming system. «Modified principle of maximum» of V. I. Panasiuk is applied as a body of mathematics that allows to obtain positive results of the investigations

Computer Engineering System Application for Calculating the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Cargo Separated from the Aircraft

Ensuring the safety of the cargo separated from the aircraft is one of the most important criteria in the development of cargo transportation systems. The article shows that the experimental studies using wind tunnels are time- and cost-consuming. Therefore, at the early stages in designing an aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft the software systems of solid modeling and computational fluid dynamics are, usually, used. The article describes the shortcomings of such software systems because of the large-scale computational costs. The offered technique for calculating the aerodynamic characteristics of cargo separated from the aircraft uses two main points. Firstly, in calculations a strategy of reducing a size of the grid cells when approaching to the object surface was used. Secondly, in modeling the trajectories of the separated cargo in the neibourhood of carrier aircraft a multivariate interpolation was used for prossessing the results of computational experiments and their subsequent applications.The proposed technique allowed a significant reduction of the computational costs when determining the aerodynamic characteristics. This technique was used to evaluate a reliabiity of obtained results through their comparison with available experimental data.</p

Mathematical Modelling of Operational Stability of Sowing Machines' Mechanical Systems

This study addresses the construction of mathematical models for the operational stability of mechanical systems in agricultural seeders. The objects of research are the coulter systems of seeders with a support-packer roller and direct sowing planters, which are the disc working bodies of most sowing machines. The complexity in mathematical modeling of systems stability is due to a significant number of factors whose values are of variable and random character. To model them, it is proposed to explore the stability of systems based on their control parameters: lengths and angles of inclination, installation height of nodes and parts of a seeder, etc. The endogenous and exogenous parameters that include the following: step at sowing, soil surface depth and its properties, dimensions and weight of seeds, etc., are fixed at preset limits, in accordance with agricultural conditions. Difficulties in solving such systems of differential equations and obtaining the analytical solutions are explained by the condition for an inverse problem: the forces that act on a system must by in a constant equilibrium. The proposed modeling of system stability is based on the Lyapunov second method, which implies the construction and investigation of functions of perturbed motion at variable control parameters. We have established expressions for determining the stage of asymptotic stability of the system, which are characterized by the magnitude of time and distance that are required to return it to the unperturbed state. The obtained resulting mathematical expressions allowed us to establish significant factors: the length of a hitch, the rigidity of a spring, the inclination angle of a hitch, distance to the point of Fastening a spring rod, which define the perturbed path of the coulter system. The result of modeling is the obtained damping character of the perturbed motion of the examined systems, as well as the established dependences of perturbed path of coulter systems on the above-specified parameters.To test the adequacy of the derived mathematical expressions for determining the stability of sowing machines, to refine the ranges in the variation of significant parameters, we carried out an experimental research. We employed the procedure for a multi-factorial experiment. As a result, with the help of the developed modelling method and based on the experiment conducted, we determined the rational parameters for working bodies of sowing machines of different types, which could be applied for efficient operation and in the design process of similar machines

Mathematical Modelling of Operational Stability of Sowing Machines' Mechanical Systems

This study addresses the construction of mathematical models for the operational stability of mechanical systems in agricultural seeders. The objects of research are the coulter systems of seeders with a support-packer roller and direct sowing planters, which are the disc working bodies of most sowing machines. The complexity in mathematical modeling of systems stability is due to a significant number of factors whose values are of variable and random character. To model them, it is proposed to explore the stability of systems based on their control parameters: lengths and angles of inclination, installation height of nodes and parts of a seeder, etc. The endogenous and exogenous parameters that include the following: step at sowing, soil surface depth and its properties, dimensions and weight of seeds, etc., are fixed at preset limits, in accordance with agricultural conditions. Difficulties in solving such systems of differential equations and obtaining the analytical solutions are explained by the condition for an inverse problem: the forces that act on a system must by in a constant equilibrium. The proposed modeling of system stability is based on the Lyapunov second method, which implies the construction and investigation of functions of perturbed motion at variable control parameters. We have established expressions for determining the stage of asymptotic stability of the system, which are characterized by the magnitude of time and distance that are required to return it to the unperturbed state. The obtained resulting mathematical expressions allowed us to establish significant factors: the length of a hitch, the rigidity of a spring, the inclination angle of a hitch, distance to the point of Fastening a spring rod, which define the perturbed path of the coulter system. The result of modeling is the obtained damping character of the perturbed motion of the examined systems, as well as the established dependences of perturbed path of coulter systems on the above-specified parameters.To test the adequacy of the derived mathematical expressions for determining the stability of sowing machines, to refine the ranges in the variation of significant parameters, we carried out an experimental research. We employed the procedure for a multi-factorial experiment. As a result, with the help of the developed modelling method and based on the experiment conducted, we determined the rational parameters for working bodies of sowing machines of different types, which could be applied for efficient operation and in the design process of similar machines