A STUDY OF A MULTI BAND ANTENNA’S PERFORMANCE FOR DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES AND RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

There has been and will be a constant development in the field of communication systems and telecommunication in the form of network designs, access technologies, and equipment. Today, most of the mobile users are in indoors environments such as buildings, metros, arenas etc. These users are becoming impossible to serve from outdoor base station antenna because of energy-effective building techniques, which have RF shielding properties. A solution to this is to move antenna closer to the users in the indoor environment. There is a need to find a cost effective and economical and environmental solution to this switch. Generally, a separate deployment for RAKEL, 2G, 3G and LTE each is done for indoor coverage. With the use of a Multi band antenna, all the above radio access technologies can be deployed while sharing hardware. This thesis investigates one such multi band antenna’s performance parameters for frequencies ranging from 380 MHz to 2700 MHz and provides a case study which analyses multiple deployed network locations and design where the antenna is deployed while serving RAKEL, 2G, 3G and LTE.Telekommunikationer har varit under konstant utveckling ända sedan vi började använda mobil kommunikation. Ständig utveckling av system design, olika teknologier och utrustningar. Idag sker den mobila kommunikationen i inomhusmiljöer, kontor, gallerior, hotell, tunnelbanor, sportarenor etc. Trafiken från just dessa anläggningar är i storleksordning 70 – 80 % av all trafik vilket gör det omöjligt att serva dessa användare från basstationer utomhus och med dagens energikrav på nya byggnader stänger effektivt ut alla radiosignaler från utomhus siter. En lösning är att flytta antennen närmare användaren vilket också innebär att hitta nya kosteffektiva lösningar för just denna typ av miljöer. Idag så designar man inomhusanläggningar för samtliga operatörer, 2G, 3G, LTE samt RAKEL. Användandet av en multiband-antenn kan man dela den mobila infrastrukturen med olika teknologier vilket innebär minskade kostnader. Examensarbetet uppgift var att undersöka egenskaperna hos denna multiband antenn för frekvenserna 380 – 400 MHz, 698 – 2700 MHz och också fältstudier från redan installerade för RAKEL, 2G, 3G och LTE

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Not AvailableThe chloroform fraction of the aqueous extract of the rind of Punica granatum on its chemi-cal investigation afforded seven already reported compounds viz.1-O-Isopentyl-3-O-octadec-2-enoylglycerol (I), 1-O-trans,cis,trans-9,11,13-octadecatrienoyl glycerol (II), β-Sitosterol laurate (III), β-Sitosterol myristate (IV), Punicanolic Acid (V), Luteolin (VI) and Tricetin (VII). The structures of isolated compounds were ascertained using various spec-tral (IR, 1H, 13C NMR, MS) techniques. Compounds I, II, VI and VII were found to be couloured in nature and tested as dye substances on Cashmere (Pashmina) wool and showed promis-ing dyeing properties.Not Availabl

Green mobile networks for 5G and beyond

International audienceThe heated 5G network deployment race has already begun with the rapid progress in standardization efforts, backed by the current market availability of 5G-enabled network equipment, ongoing 5G spectrum auctions, early launching of non-standalone 5G network services in a few countries, among others. In this paper, we study current and future wireless networks from the viewpoint of energy efficiency (EE) and sustainability to meet the planned network and service evolution toward, along, and beyond 5G, as also inspired by the findings of the EU Celtic-Plus SooGREEN Project. We highlight the opportunities seized by the project efforts to enable and enrich this green nature of the network as compared to existing technologies. In specific, we present innovative means proposed in SooGREEN to monitor and evaluate EE in 5G networks and beyond. Further solutions are presented to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in the different network segments. The latter spans proposed virtualized/cloud architectures, efficient polar coding for fronthauling, mobile network powering via renewable energy and smart grid integration, passive cooling, smart sleeping modes in indoor systems, among others. Finally, we shed light on the open opportunities yet to be investigated and leveraged in future developments