Martian Superoxide and Peroxide O2 Release (OR) Assay: A New Technology for Terrestrial and Planetary Applications

This study presents an assay for the detection and quantification of soil metal superoxides and peroxides in regolith and soil. The O2 release (OR) assay is based on the enzymatic conversion of the hydrolysis products of metal oxides to O2, and their quantification by an O2 electrode based on the stoichiometry of the involved reactions: The intermediate product O2 from the hydrolysis of metal superoxides is converted by cytochrome c to O2, and also by superoxide dismutase (SOD) to 1/2 mol O2 and 1/2 mol H2O2, which is then converted by catalase (CAT) to 1/2 mol O2. The product H2O2 from the hydrolysis of metal peroxides and hydroperoxides is converted to 1/2 mol O2 by CAT. The assay-method was validated in a sealed sample chamber using a liquid-phase Clark-type O2 electrode with known concentrations of O2 and H2O2, and with commercial metal superoxide and peroxide mixed with Mars analogue Mojave and Atacama Desert soils. Carbonates and perchlorates, both present on Mars, do not interfere with the assay. The assay lower limit of detection, using luminescence quenching/optical sensing O2-electrodes, is 1 nmol O2 cm(exp. -3) or better. The activity of the assay enzymes SOD and cytochrome c was unaffected up to 6 Gy exposure by gamma-radiation, while CAT retained 100% and 40% of its activity at 3 and 6 Gy, respectively, demonstrating the suitability of these enzymes for planetary missions, e.g., in Mars or Europa

Jumps and stochastic volatility in crude oil prices and advances in average option pricing

Crude oil derivatives form an important part of the global derivatives market. In this paper, we focus on Asian options which are favoured by risk managers being effective and cost-saving hedging instruments. The paper has both empirical and theoretical contributions: we conduct an empirical analysis of the crude oil price dynamics and develop an accurate pricing setup for arithmetic Asian options with discrete and continuous monitoring featuring stochastic volatility and discontinuous underlying asset price movements. Our theoretical contribution is applicable to various commodities exhibiting similar stylized properties. We here estimate the stochastic volatility model with price jumps as well as the nested model with omitted jumps to NYMEX WTI futures vanilla options. We find that price jumps and stochastic volatility are necessary to fit options. Despite the averaging effect, we show that Asian options remain sensitive to jump risk and that ignoring the discontinuities can lead to substantial mispricings

Investor Sentiment for Real Assets: The Case of Dry Bulk Shipping Market*

We investigate the role of sentiment and its implications for real assets. Using shipping sentiment proxies that capture market expectations, valuation, and liquidity, we construct sentiment indices for the dry bulk shipping market. Evidence suggests that sentiment affects the monthly returns of real assets. The empirical findings also show that market sentiment serves as a contrarian indicator for future cycle phases in all sectors. Furthermore, a sentiment-based trading simulation exercise on the sale and purchase of vessels shows that investors can benefit from higher returns compared to the buy-and-hold benchmark, while partially offsetting the highly volatile nature of the shipping industry

Beneficial effect of the oxygen free radical scavenger amifostine (WR-2721) on spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Paraplegia is the most devastating complication of thoracic or thoraco-abdominal aortic surgery. During these operations, an ischemia-reperfusion process is inevitable and the produced radical oxygen species cause severe oxidative stress for the spinal cord. In this study we examined the influence of Amifostine, a triphosphate free oxygen scavenger, on oxidative stress of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eighteen male, New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized and spinal cord ischemia was induced by temporary occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta by a coronary artery balloon catheter, advanced through the femoral artery. The animals were randomly divided in 3 groups. Group I functioned as control. In group II the descending aorta was occluded for 30 minutes and then reperfused for 75 min. In group III, 500 mg Amifostine was infused into the distal aorta during the second half-time of ischemia period. At the end of reperfusion all animals were sacrificed and spinal cord specimens were examined for superoxide radicals by an ultra sensitive fluorescent assay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Superoxide radical levels ranged, in group I between 1.52 and 1.76 (1.64 ± 0.10), in group II between 1.96 and 2.50 (2.10 ± 0.23), and in group III (amifostine) between 1.21 and 1.60 (1.40 ± 0.19) (p = 0.00), showing a decrease of 43% in the Group of Amifostine. A lipid peroxidation marker measurement ranged, in group I between 0.278 and 0.305 (0.296 ± 0.013), in group II between 0.427 and 0.497 (0.463 ± 0.025), and in group III (amifostine) between 0.343 and 0.357 (0.350 ± 0.007) (p < 0.00), showing a decrease of 38% after Amifostine administration.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>By direct and indirect methods of measuring the oxidative stress of spinal cord after ischemia/reperfusion, it is suggested that intra-aortic Amifostine infusion during spinal cord ischemia phase, significantly attenuated the spinal cord oxidative injury in rabbits.</p

Risk management of climate impact for tourism operators: An empirical analysis on ski resorts

The aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of hedging strategies based on snow andtemperature options developed by ski operators to protect their profitability under adversechanges in climatic conditions. The setup is based on a joint non-parametric model for snowand temperature aimed at providing a modelling support for the assessment of the impact ofthese weather variables on the number of visitors at the ski resort. The analysis is carried outconsidering the case of Austrian Alps, and examines: i) the ability of the proposed approach toprovide a realistic representation of the true data-generating process; ii) the variability reductionin the Profit and Loss of the ski operator offered by the suggested strategies; and iii) the tradeoffbetween the budget earmarked for hedging and profitability protection

The role of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical in sclerotial differentiation of fungi

The purpose of this dissertation was the study of sclerotial differentiation, represented by four basic sclerotial types expressed by the filamentous fungi S. rolfsii, R. solani, S. sclerotiorum and S. minor in relation to oxidative stress. Non-sclerotium producing fungi were used as controls of the corresponding wild type strains. The most important peroxides that are responsible for oxidative stress are: a) superoxide radical (O2·-), the primary cause element of oxidative stress, b) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), produced by the reaction between two O2·- (dismutation reaction), and c) lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), the primary consequences of oxidative destruction due to free radical attack to polyunsaturated fatty acids. Since there was not available any appropriate method for the quantification of O2·-, a new method was developed for the purpose of this study and its applicability was extended to any organism. In addition, the estimation of the concentration of certain enzymes that regulate the levels of the peroxides mentioned above was also used. These enzymes are a) superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catalyzes the dismutation reaction, b) catalase (CAT), which destroys H2O2, c) non-specific peroxidases (NSPX), which use either H2O2 or LOOH as substrates in order to oxidize other molecules and d) xanthine oxidase (XO), which was detected for the first time in fungi and is responsible, among other functions, for the production of O2·- in organisms. Furthermore, the aldehydic adducts of lipid peroxidation (MDA) were measured in order to evaluate the oxidative destruction of membrane lipids. Finally, specific externally added modulators of the above molecules were used, like: a) SOD mimetics b) H2O2 c) cumene hydroperoxide (lipid hydroperoxide) and d) aminotriazole (CAT inhibitor). The results of this study verified the need for the development of the new method for the quantification of O2·-. Specifically, it was found that the four studied types of sclerotial differentiation are directly related with oxidative stress, and that its components, tested in this study, are formed and changed variously, depending on the type of sclerotial differentiation. The most important conclusions of this study are: a) O2·- plays an indirect role in the initiation of sclerotiogenesis in fungi S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum, while in R. solani and S. minor its role is direct, and the main source that produces it in all four fungi are mitochondria and secondarily the ΧΟ enzyme, b) SOD is used by these fungi in order to convert O2·- to H2O2 via the dismutation reaction, c) ΧΟ which was found for the first time in fungi as well as EC-SOD and EC-H2O2, are not related with differentiation and possibly they are involved in tha attack of target plants by these fungi, d) H2O2 induces the initiation of sclerotiogenesis acting as a cell proliferating factor, e) CAT which was found in all fungi only in the undifferentiated stage, is probably used by them in order to control cell proliferation so as to avoid inhibition of sclerotiogenesis, f) NSPX are possibly used by these fungi in order to control H2O2 concentration mainly in the differentiated stage, g) LOOH appear to act on cell membrane and are related to signal transduction processes which affect cell cycle and h) SOD mimetics Tiron and Tempol, which reduced differentiation could be used as non-toxic fungicides.Σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν η μελέτη της σκληρωτιακής διαφοροποίησης στις τέσσερις βασικές μορφές της στους μυκηλιακούς μύκητες S. rolfsii, S. sclerotiorum, R. solani και S. minor σε σχέση με το οξειδωτικό στρες. Ως μάρτυρες για τους υπό μελέτη μύκητες χρησιμοποιήθηκαν αντίστοιχα μη σκληρωτιογόνα στελέχη. Τα πιο σημαντικά υπεροξείδια που συμβάλλουν στην δημιουργία οξειδωτικού στρες είναι: α) η ρίζα του σουπεροξειδίου (O2·-), που είναι το πρωταρχικό αίτιο του οξειδωτικού στρες, β) το υπεροξείδιο του υδρογόνου (H2O2), που κυρίως προκύπτει από την ένωση δύο μορίων O2·- (αντίδραση αυτοοξειδοαναγωγής) και γ) τα λιπιδικά υδροϋπεροξείδια (LOOH), που είναι από τα πρώιμα αποτελέσματα του οξειδωτικού στρες, λόγω της προσβολής των πολυακόρεστων λιπαρών οξέων. Επειδή λοιπόν στην διεθνή βιβλιογραφία δεν υπήρχε κατάλληλη μεθοδολογία για τον προσδιορισμό του O2·-, αναπτύχθηκε μια νέα μέθοδος εφαρμόσιμη εκτός από τους υπό μελέτη μύκητες, σε όλους τους οργανισμούς. Επιπλέον, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ποσοτικοποίηση της συγκέντρωσης των βασικών ενζύμων που σχετίζονται με τα προαναφερθέντα υπεροξείδια τα οποία είναι: α) η δισμουτάση του O2·- (SOD), που επιταχύνει την αντίδραση αυτοοξειδοαναγωγής, β) η καταλάση (CAT), που καταναλώνει το H2O2, γ) οι μη εξειδικευμένες υπεροξειδάσες (NSPX) που χρησιμοποιούν το H2O2 και τα LOOH σαν υπόστρωμα για να οξειδώνουν άλλα μόρια και δ) η οξειδάση της ξανθίνης (ΧΟ), που ανιχνεύεται για πρώτη φορά σε μύκητες και είναι υπεύθυνη μεταξύ άλλων και για την παραγωγή του O2·- και H2O2 στους οργανισμούς. Ακόμη, έγινε εκτίμηση της οξειδωτικής καταστροφής των μεμβρανικών λιπιδίων με τη μέτρηση των αλδεϋδικών παραγώγων της υπεροξείδωσης των λιπιδίων (MDA). Τέλος, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι εξής εξωγενείς τροποποιητές των παραπάνω μορίων: α) μιμητές της SOD β) H2O2 γ) υδροϋπεροξείδιο του κουμενίου (λιπιδικό υδροϋπεροξείδιο) και δ) αμινοτριαζόλη (αναστολέας της CAT). Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης επιβεβαίωσαν την αναγκαιότητα της ανάπτυξης της νέας μεθόδου ποσοτικοποίησης του O2·-. Συγκεκριμένα, δείχθηκε ότι οι τέσσερις μορφές σκληρωτιακής διαφοροποίησης εξαρτώνται άμεσα από το οξειδωτικό στρες, και ότι οι σχετιζόμενοι με αυτό παράγοντες που εξετάστηκαν σε αυτή τη μελέτη μεταβάλλονται με διαφορετικό τρόπο σε κάθε μορφή σκληρωτιακής διαφοροποίησης. Τα βασικότερα συμπεράσματα αυτής της μελέτης είναι: α) το O2·- φαίνεται ότι παίζει έμμεσο ρόλο στην έναρξη της σκληρωτιογένεσης των μυκήτων S. rolfsii και S. sclerotiorum και άμεσο στων μυκήτων R. solani και S. minor και κύρια πηγή παραγωγής του O2·- είναι τα μιτοχόνδρια και δευτερευόντως η ΧΟ β) η SOD που υπάρχει σε όλους τους μύκητες χρησιμοποιείται από αυτούς για τη μετατροπή του O2·- σε H2O2 γ) η ΧΟ που μέχρι σήμερα δεν ήταν γνωστή η ύπαρξή της στους μύκητες, καθώς και η EC-SOD αλλά και το EC-H2O2, δεν σχετίζονται με τη διαφοροποίηση και ως γνωστόν μπορεί να εμπλέκονται στην προσβολή των φυτών ξενιστών από τους μύκητες αυτούς δ) το H2O2 επάγει την έναρξη της σκληρωτιογένεσης δρώντας σαν παράγοντας σημειακού κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού ε) η CAT που υπάρχει σε όλους τους μύκητες στο αδιαφοροποίητο μόνο στάδιο, μάλλον χρησιμοποιείται από αυτούς ώστε ο κυτταρικός πολλαπλασιασμός να μην γίνεται σε μεγάλη ένταση και αναστείλλει την σημειακή διαφοροποίηση ζ) οι NSPX που εντοπίζονται σε όλους τους μύκητες φαίνεται ότι ελέγχουν τα επίπεδα του H2O2 κυρίως στο διαφοροποιημένο στάδιο η) τα LOOH φαίνεται να δρουν στις μεμβράνες των μυκήτων και σχετίζονται με διαδικασίες μεταβίβασης κυτταρικών μηνυμάτων που επηρεάζουν τον κυτταρικό κύκλο θ) οι μιμητές της SOD Tiron και Tempol, που είχαν ανασταλτική δράση στην διαφοροποίηση θα μπορούσαν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως μη τοξικά αντιμυκητιακά παρασκευάσματα