Classification of Potential Sheep Heat-Stress Levels According to the Prevailing Meteorological Conditions

Many researchers have found that physiology, welfare, health, and productivity of ruminants are significantly affected when they are exposed to heat-stress conditions. In such cases, heat-stress may also cause a reduction of farmers’ profit in various ways. Heat-stress levels are significantly affected by the prevailing meteorological conditions. This paper aims to study the potential daily peak heat-stress conditions to which sheep are exposed and to classify them according to the prevailing meteorological conditions. For these purposes, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and incoming solar radiation data were analyzed. The meteorological data were recorded during the summers of the period 2007 – 2012 by an automated meteorological station that operates in a rural area near the east coast of central Greece. Potential sheep’s heat-stress was assessed using the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). The analysis showed that the daily maximum hourly (DMH) THI value exceeded the extreme severe heat-stress threshold (THI ≥ 25.6) in 82% of the days. The average value of the DMH THI values during August was 29.0, being slightly higher than the corresponding value for July (i.e. 28.6) and 2.7 higher than the corresponding value for June. The classification of the DMH THI values according to the prevailing meteorological conditions was achieved by applying cluster analysis (CA). The 4 meteorological parameters mentioned above were used as variables in the CA. CA was performed by using the values of the meteorological parameters recorded when each DMH THI value was observed. CA is considered as an objective technique to group days with similar weather conditions. CA achieved to group extreme hot days (33.8 – 40.8 oC) and days characterized by high (28.5 – 32.3 oC), moderate (26.1 – 28.9 oC), relatively low (24.3 – 26.0 oC) and very low (20.1 – 20.6 oC) summer temperatures. In brackets, the first number corresponds to the average of DMH THI values calculated for the days included in each cluster. The second number corresponds to the average of temperature values recorded when the DMH THI values were observed, for each cluster of days. The impact of wind speed and incoming solar radiation on peak THI levels was also assessed. It was found that when wind speed and solar radiation increased, peak THI and temperature values also increased. The effect of wind speed to the thermal environment could be mainly attributed to mesoscale circulations that develop in the greater area. This paper showed that CA could be regarded as a useful tool to estimate the range of peak summer THI values, and consequently the magnitude of heat-stress, in relation to the prevailing meteorological conditions.        &nbsp

Space velocity correlation in orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The idea of space-velocity correlation in continuous ion beams is proposed and tested in a prototype orthogonal Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TOF MS). Analytical solutions to the time focusing properties of ions are presented based on linear phase space distributions at the start of the TOF experiment. The analysis is extended to non-linear distributions and their associated finite arrival time spreads. The prototype is equipped with a thermal/surface ionization source and an electron impact source, providing an excellent opportunity to investigate variations in the experimental variables required for enhancing resolving power. Theory and experiment merge in an effort to describe the behaviour of ions in the source and through the optical system, in terms of their time focusing properties in the mass analyzer. Resolving powers exceeding 2000 with time spreads of the order of 1-3 ns across the atomic mass range are reported for small linear oTOF configurations. Optimum virtual sources for reflecting geometries are investigated by varying the dimensions of the mass spectrometer. The “open” orthogonal gate design is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing two-stage acceleration configuration. A low energy electron impact source is described and a triple filament thermal/surface ionization source for surface studies is constructed. The effect of a fast detection system on the overall performance of the prototype is demonstrated. Exact solutions to the space focusing properties employing static and/or time dependent uniform electric fields are developed using the “ion pair” model. A focal region with variable temporal and spatial characteristics is identified along the field-free path of the ions by considering finite initial spatial distributions. The errors associated with the truncated Taylor series are highlighted. Focusing is not an instantaneous property in TOF MS. The analysis is extended to ions desorbing from surfaces and the theory of delayed extraction is reformulated. The focusing action of the TOF analyzer relies on the inherent ability of the system to provide ions with an initial distribution in electric potential energies. Space focusing theory and the delayed extraction technique were fundamental to the development of space-velocity correlation focusing in orthogonal geometries. Further studies include the experimental determination of the work function of filaments based on their electron emission properties, measurements of the kinetic energy distribution of the emitted electrons, thermionic emission kinetics, SEM and XPS analysis of the filament surfaces and a literature survey of thermal/surface ionization and electron impact ion sources

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Seven Measures to Reduce Tail Biting Lesions in Fattening Pigs

Tail biting is an important animal welfare issue in the pig sector. Studies have identified various risk factors which can lead to biting incidents and proposed mitigation measures. This study focused on the following seven key measures which have been identified to affect the risk of tail biting lesions: improvements in straw provision, housing ventilation, genetics, stocking density, herd health, provision of point-source enrichment objects, and adoption of early warning systems. The aim of this study was to examine whether these selected measures to reduce the risk of tail biting lesions in pig fattening are cost-effective. The problem was analyzed by first summarizing the most prospective interventions, their costs and expected impacts on the prevalence of tail biting lesions, second, by using a stochastic bio-economic model to simulate the financial return per pig space unit and per pig at different levels of prevalence of tail biting lesions, and third by looking at how large a reduction in tail biting lesions would be needed at different levels of initial prevalence of lesions to cover the costs of interventions. Tail biting lesions of a severity which would require an action (medication, hospitalization of the pig or other care, or taking preventive measures) by the pig producer were considered in the model. The results provide guidance on the expected benefits and costs of the studied interventions. According to the results, if the average prevalence of tail biting lesions is at a level of 10%, the costs of this damaging behavior can be as high as euro2.3 per slaughtered pig (similar to 1.6% of carcass value). Measures which were considered the least expensive to apply, such as provision of point-source enrichment objects, or provided wider production benefits, such as improvements in ventilation and herd health, became profitable at a lower level of efficacy than measures which were considered the most expensive to apply (e.g., straw provision, increased space allowance, automated early warning systems). Measures which were considered most efficient in reducing the risk of tail biting lesions, such as straw provision, can be cost-effective in preventing tail biting, especially when the risk of tail biting is high. At lower risk levels, the provision of point-source objects and other less costly but relatively effective measures can play an important role. However, selection of measures appropriate to the individual farm problem is essential. For instance, if poor health or barren pens are causing the elevated risk of tail biting lesions, then improving health management or enriching the pens may resolve the tail biting problem cost-effectively.Peer reviewe

Divergent Innate and Epithelial Functions of the RNA-Binding Protein HuR in Intestinal Inflammation

HuR is an abundant RNA-binding protein acting as a post-transcriptional regulator of many RNAs including mRNAs encoding inflammatory mediators, cytokines, death signalers and cell cycle regulators. In the context of intestinal pathologies, elevated HuR is considered to enhance the stability and the translation of pro-tumorigenic mRNAs providing the rationale for its pharmacological targeting. However, HuR also possesses specific regulatory functions for innate immunity and cytokine mRNA control which can oppose intestinal inflammation and tumor promotion. Here, we aim to identify contexts of intestinal inflammation where the innate immune and the epithelial functions of HuR converge or diverge. To address this, we use a disease-oriented phenotypic approach using mice lacking HuR either in intestinal epithelia or myeloid-derived immune compartments. These mice were compared for their responses to (a) Chemically induced Colitis; (b) Colitis- associated Cancer (CAC); (c) T-cell mediated enterotoxicity; (d) Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis; and (e) TNF-driven inflammatory bowel disease. Convergent functions of epithelial and myeloid HuR included their requirement for suppressing inflammation in chemically induced colitis and their redundancies in chronic TNF-driven IBD and microbiota control. In the other contexts however, their functions diversified. Epithelial HuR was required to protect the epithelial barrier from acute inflammatory or infectious degeneration but also to promote tumor growth. In contrast, myeloid HuR was required to suppress the beneficial inflammation for pathogen clearance and tumor suppression. This cellular dichotomy in HuR's functions was validated further in mice engineered to express ubiquitously higher levels of HuR which displayed diminished pathologic and beneficial inflammatory responses, resistance to epithelial damage yet a heightened susceptibility to CAC. Our study demonstrates that epithelial and myeloid HuR affect different cellular dynamics in the intestine that need to be carefully considered for its pharmacological exploitation and points toward potential windows for harnessing HuR functions in intestinal inflammation

High-Throughput Mass Measurement Of Single Bacterial Cells By Silicon Nitride Membrane Resonators

Trabajo presentado en la 36th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), celebrada en Munich (Alemania), del 15 al 19 de enero de 2023.© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.We present a technological approach to precisely measure the dry mass of many individual cells of a bacteria colony. In this technique, bacteria are transported from aqueous solution into gas phase and subsequently guided to the surface of a silicon nitride membrane resonator. Abrupt downshifts in the membrane eigenfrequencies are measured upon every bacterium adhesion and are related to the dry mass of the cell by theoretical methods. We measure the dry mass of Escherichia coli K-12 and Staphylococcus epidermidis with an unprecedented throughput of 20 cells/min and with a mass resolution of ⁓1%. Finally, we apply the Koch & Schaechter model to assess the intrinsic sources of growth stochasticity.This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement No. 731868-VIRUSCAN and by the ERC CoG Grant 681275 “LIQUIDMASS”. We acknowledge the service from the Micro and Nanofabrication Laboratory an X-SEM laboratory at IMNCNM funded by the Comunidad de Madrid (Project S2018/NMT-4291 TEC2SPACE) and by MINECO (Project CSIC12-4E-1794 with support from FEDER, FSE). E. G. S. acknowledges financial support by the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry through Ramón y Cajal grant RYC-2019-026626-I

An Orbitrap/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer for Photofragment Ion Imaging and High-Resolution Mass Analysis of Native Macromolecular Assemblies

We discuss the design, development, and evaluation of an Orbitrap/time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)-based instrument with integrated UV photodissociation (UVPD) and time/mass-to-charge ratio ( m/ z)-resolved imaging for the comprehensive study of the higher-order molecular structure of macromolecular assemblies (MMAs). A bespoke TOF analyzer has been coupled to the higher-energy collisional dissociation cell of an ultrahigh mass range hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap MS. A 193 nm excimer laser was employed to photofragment MMA ions. A combination of microchannel plates (MCPs)-Timepix (TPX) quad and MCPs-phosphor screen-TPX3CAM assemblies have been used as axial and orthogonal imaging detectors, respectively. The instrument can operate in four different modes, where the UVPD-generated fragment ions from the native MMA ions can be measured with high-mass resolution or imaged in a mass-resolved manner to reveal the relative positions of the UVPD fragments postdissociation. This information is intended to be utilized for retrieving higher-order molecular structural details that include the conformation, subunit stoichiometry, and molecular interactions as well as to understand the dissociation dynamics of the MMAs in the gas phase

Multifrequency Nanomechanical Mass Spectrometer Prototype for Measuring Viral Particles Using Optomechanical Disk Resonators

Nanomechanical mass spectrometry allows characterization of analytes with broad mass range, from small proteins to bacterial cells, and with unprecedented mass sensitivity. In this work, we show a novel multifrequency nanomechanical mass spectrometer prototype designed for focusing, guiding and soft-landing of nanoparticles and viral particles on a nanomechanical resonator surface placed in vacuum. The system is compatible with optomechanical disk resonators, with an integrated optomechanical transduction method, and with the laser beam deflection technique for the measurement of the vibrations of microcantilever resonators. The prototype allows the in-vacuum alignment of resonators thanks to a dedicated visualization system. Finally, in this work, we have demonstrated the detection of gold nanoparticles, polystyrene nanoparticles and phage G viruses with optomechanical disks and microcantilever resonators.Peer reviewe

The RNA binding protein HuR is a gatekeeper of liver homeostasis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is initiated by steatosis and can progress via fibrosis and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The RNA binding protein HuR controls RNAs at the posttranscriptional level; hepatocyte HuR has been implicated in the regulation of diet-induced hepatic steatosis. The present study aimed to understand the role of hepatocyte-HuR in NAFLD development and progression to fibrosis and HCC. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Hepatocyte-specific HuR-deficient mice and control HuR-sufficient mice were fed either a normal diet or a NAFLD-inducing diet. Hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, fibrosis and HCC development were studied by histology, flow cytometry, quantitative PCR and RNA sequencing. The liver lipidome was characterized by lipidomics analysis and the HuR-RNA interactions in the liver were mapped by RNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing. Hepatocyte-specific HuR-deficient mice displayed spontaneous hepatic steatosis and fibrosis predisposition, compared to control HuR-sufficient mice. On a NAFLD-inducing diet, hepatocyte-specific HuR-deficiency resulted in exacerbated inflammation, fibrosis and HCC-like tumor development. A multi-omic approach, including lipidomics, transcriptomics and RNA-immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed that HuR orchestrates a protective network of hepatic-metabolic and lipid homeostasis-maintaining pathways. Consistently, HuR-deficient livers accumulated, already at steady-state, a triglyceride signature resembling that of NAFLD livers. Moreover, upregulation of Spp1 and its product osteopontin mediated, at least partially, the fibrosis development in hepatocyte-specific HuR deficiency on a NAFLD-inducing diet, as shown by experiments utilizing antibody blockade of osteopontin. CONCLUSIONS: HuR is a gatekeeper of liver homeostasis preventing NAFLD-related fibrosis and HCC, suggesting that the HuR-dependent network could be exploited therapeutically

Κινητική μελέτη της τροποσφαιρικής αποικοδόμησης της ακετόνης, στην αέρια φάση

The topic of the present work was the kinetic and mechanistic investigation of the primary chemical degradation of acetone (CH3C(O)CH3), in the troposphere. In particular, the absolute rate coefficients for the reactions of OH radicals and Cl atoms with acetone were determined for 298 K and 273 363 K range of temperature, respectively. The incentive for the present study was the significant role that acetone plays, especially, in the region of upper troposphere, where it is considered as the major source of ΗΟx radicals (Hydro Peroxy Radicals) and PAN (Peroxy Acety Nitrate) species. The absolute rate measurements for the reactions of acetone with Cl atoms and OH radicals took place in two separate flow systems applying the effusive molecular beam technique of VLPR (Very Low Pressure Reactor). Especially, for the case of OH radicals, their detection and the subsequent quantitative analysis took place by using the LIF (Laser Induced Fluorescence) spectroscopy. On the other hand, acetone, Cl atoms and the stable products of both reactions were continuously monitored by using mass spectrometry. The absolute rate coefficients that were derived for the reactions of acetone with OH radicals ( 298 1 k ) and Cl atoms ( 298 2 k , k2(T)) are given by the following expressions: 298 1 k = (2.14 ± 0.39) × 10-13 cm3 molecules-1 s-1 298 2 k = (3.04 ± 0.33) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1 k2(T) = (4.30 ± 0.57)×10-11 exp ( T 808 ± 82 ) As far as the mechanistic investigation of acetones reactions with OH radicals and Cl atoms is concerned, the experimental results showed that both reactions mainly proceed via hydrogen metathesis mechanism, resulting in the stable products of H2O and HCl, respectively, and the corresponding dehydrogenated acetonyl radical.Το αντικείμενο της παρούσας ερευνητικής διατριβής, ήταν η κινητική και η μηχανιστική μελέτη της πρωτογενούς, χημικής, αποικοδόμησης της ακετόνης (CH3C(O)CH3), στην περιοχή της τροπόσφαιρας. Συγκεκριμένα, προσδιορίστηκαν οι συντελεστές ταχύτητας των αντιδράσεών της, με ρίζες υδροξυλίου (ΟΗ), σε θερμοκρασία 298 K και με άτομα χλωρίου (Cl), στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος των 273 363 Κ. Έναυσμα για τη διεξαγωγή της συγκεκριμένης μελέτης, αποτέλεσε ο σημαντικός ρόλος που διαδραματίζει η ακετόνη στην περιοχή της ανώτερης τροπόσφαιρας, καθώς αποτελεί την κύρια πηγή, τόσο των υδροπεροξυ ριζών ΗΟx, όσο και των υπερόξυ-ακέτυλο-νιτρυλίων (Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate - ΡΑΝ). Οι μετρήσεις των απόλυτων συντελεστών ταχύτητας των αντιδράσεων της ακετόνης με τις ρίζες ΟΗ (k1) και τα άτομα Cl (k2), πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε δύο ανεξάρτητα συστήματα συνεχούς ροής, χρησιμοποιώντας την τεχνική ευρείας μοριακής δέσμης του αντιδραστήρα πολύ χαμηλής πίεσης (Very Low Pressure Reactor - VLPR). Ιδιαίτερα στην περίπτωση των ριζών ΟΗ, για την ανίχνευσή τους και την ποσοτική τους μέτρηση, χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως τεχνική, η φασματοσκοπία επαγόμενου φθορισμού από laser (Laser Induced Fluorescence - LIF), ενώ για τα άτομα Cl, την ακετόνη και τα λοιπά σταθερά προϊόντα χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως τεχνική ανίχνευσης η φασματομετρία μαζών. Οι απόλυτοι συντελεστές ταχύτητας που προσδιορίστηκαν για τις αντιδράσεις της ακετόνης με τις ρίζες ΟΗ ( 298 1 k ) και τα άτομα Cl ( 298 2 k , k2(T)) οδήγησαν στις ακόλουθες εκφράσεις: 298 1 k = (2.14 ± 0.39) × 10-13 cm3 molecules-1 s-1 298 2 k = (3.04 ± 0.33) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1 k2(T) = (4.30 ± 0.57)×10-11 exp ( T 808 ± 82 ) Όσον αφορά στη μηχανιστική μελέτη των αντιδράσεων της ακετόνης που μελετήθηκαν, τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα υπέδειξαν, τόσο στην περίπτωση των ριζών ΟΗ, όσο και σε αυτή των ατόμων Cl, ότι ο βασικός μηχανισμός πραγματοποίησής τους ήταν η μετάθεση ατόμων υδρογόνου, αποδίδοντας ως σταθερά προϊόντα Η2Ο και HCl αντίστοιχα

Kinetic and mechanistic study for the reactions of OH radicals and Cl atoms with a series of fluorinated aldehydes in the gas phase

The main objective of the present thesis was the kinetic and mechanistic investigation of the reactions of OH radicals and Cl atoms with selected fluorinated aldehydes (FAL), CF₃CHO, CHF₂CHO, CF₃CF₂CHO and CF₃CH₂CHO, in the gas phase, in order to assess the tropospheric degradation and fate of FAL as well as their potential importance to secondary aerosol formation in the atmosphere. In particular, the rate coefficients of the title reactions were determined at low pressures (2mTorr) and in the temperature range of 273-363K, by using the Very Low Pressure Reactor (VLPR) coupled with the mass spectrometry (MS) detection technique. The rates were measured by applying both absolute rate (Cl reactions) and relative rate (OH reactions) techniques. The Arrhenius parameters of the title reactions were also determined in the above temperature range. In addition, the mechanistic investigation for the title reactions showed that the abstraction of the aldehydic hydrogen is the dominant reaction pathway leading to the formation of HX (X = Cl or OH) and the corresponding radical CxF2x+1CO. In addition, the oxidation process of FAL was investigated by performing experiments in the presence of Ο2/NOx. It was found that per fluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCA) were not detected among the final oxidation products, indicating that the oxidation of FAL is not of great importance to the secondary aerosol formation in troposphere. It was also found that CxF2x+1CO radicals may undergo oxidation leading to peroxy radicals as well as unimolecular decomposition leading to CO and CxF2x+1 radicals. Finally, the UV/Vis cross sections of FAL were determined in order to assess the importance of photolysis to the degradation of FAL in the troposphere. The IR cross sections were also determined in order to assess their overall impact of FAL in the atmosphere and the climate. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the title FAL was estimated by using the Pinnock model and the lifetime and IR cross sections values obtained by the present work. It was concluded that the selected FAL have extremely low GWP values (<10⁻⁴ for 100 years’ time horizon), and therefore their burden on the greenhouse effect is negligible. It should be noted that the GWP values obtained for FAL represent an upper limit, since the lifetimes used were based only to the chemical degradation process of FAL (excluding the photolysis process).Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής αποτέλεσε η κινητική και μηχανιστική μελέτη των αντιδράσεων ριζών OH και ατόμων Cl με επιλεγμένη σειρά φθοριωμένων αλδεϋδών (FAL), CF3CHO, CΗF2CHO, CF3CF2CHO και CF3CH2CHO, στην αέρια φάση, προκειμένου να προσδιοριστεί η τροποσφαιρική αποικοδόμηση των FAL καθώς και η πιθανή συνεισφορά τους στη δημιουργία δευτερογενών αερολυμάτων στην ατμόσφαιρα. Συγκεκριμένα, προσδιορίστηκαν οι συντελεστές ταχύτητας των άνωθι αντιδράσεων, στη περιοχή χαμηλών πιέσεων (2 mTorr) και το θερμοκρασιακό εύρος 273 – 363 K, χρησιμοποιώντας την πειραματική διάταξη ενός Αντιδραστήρα Πολύ Χαμηλής Πίεσης (Very Low Pressure Reactor, VLPR) σε συνδυασμό με την ανιχνευτική τεχνική της φασματομετρίας μαζών (Mass Spectrometry, MS). Οι συντελεστές ταχύτητας μετρήθηκαν εφαρμόζοντάς τόσο την απόλυτη (αντιδράσεις ατόμων Cl), όσο και την σχετική (αντιδράσεις ριζών ΟΗ) τεχνική μέτρησης συντελεστών ταχύτητας αντιδράσεων. Επίσης προσδιορίστηκαν οι παράμετροι Arrhenius των αντιδράσεων για το πιο πάνω θερμοκρασιακό εύρος. Η μηχανιστική διερεύνηση των αντιδράσεων των FAL με τα άτομα Cl και τις ρίζες OH, υποδεικνύουν την απόσπαση του αλδεϋδικού υδρογόνου (-CHO) ως βασικό μηχανισμό των αντιδράσεων, οδηγώντας στο σχηματισμό ΗΧ (Χ = Cl ή OH) και της αντίστοιχης αφυδρογονωμένης ρίζας CxF2x+1CO. Επιπρόσθετα διεξήχθησαν πειράματα οξείδωσης των αφυδρογονωμένων ριζών CxF2x+1CO παρουσία Ο2/NOx κατά τα οποία αποκλείστηκε η παραγωγή υπερφθοριωμένων καρβοξυλικών οξέων (PFCA), τουλάχιστον με ικανούς συντελεστές μετατροπής που να καθιστά τις συγκεκριμένες διαδικασίες μείζονος ατμοσφαιρικού ενδιαφέροντος στο σχηματισμό δευτερογενών αερολυμάτων. Επίσης διαπιστώθηκε ότι οι ρίζες CxF2x+1CO μπορούν είτε να οξειδωθούν προς τις αντίστοιχες υπερόξυ ρίζες είτε να διασπαστούν μονομοριακά προς CO και ρίζες CxF2x+1. Τέλος, προσδιορίστηκαν οι UV/Vis ενεργές διατομές απορρόφησης των FAL, προκειμένου να εκτιμηθεί η συμμετοχή της φωτόλυσης στη διεργασία απομάκρυνσης των FAL στην τροπόσφαιρα. Επιπλέον, μετρήθηκαν οι IR ενεργές διατομές των FAL προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί διεξοδικά η τροποσφαιρική τους αποικοδόμηση και να εκτιμηθεί η συνολική τους επίδραση στην ατμόσφαιρα και στο κλίμα. Επίσης, προσδιορίστηκε το Δυναμικό Παγκόσμιας Θέρμανσης (Global Warming Potential, GWP) των FAL χρησιμοποιώντας το μοντέλο Pinnock, καθώς και τον χρόνο ζωής και την ενεργή διατομή υπέρυθρης απορρόφησης που προσδιορίστηκαν στην παρούσα εργασία. Όπως υπολογίστηκε, η συγκεκριμένη σειρά αλδεϋδών χαρακτηρίζεται από εξαιρετικά μικρά GWP (GWP <10⁻⁴ για χρονικό ορίζοντα 100 χρόνων) και συνεπώς η επιβάρυνση που προκαλούν στο φαινόμενο του θερμοκηπίου είναι αμελητέα. Πρέπει να σημειωθεί ότι τα GWP που προσδιορίστηκαν αποτελούν ανώτατα όρια, καθώς ο χρόνος ζωής που χρησιμοποιήθηκε στον υπολογισμό τους αφορά αποκλειστικά στη χημική αποικοδόμηση των FAL (δεν εμπεριέχει φωτόλυση)