Mineralização dos resíduos provenientes da secagem da pimenta-do-reino quando aplicados ao solo

The use of residues from the black pepper bean drying process as fertilizer for agricultural crops implies the need to know the dynamics of their decomposition and release of the nutrients to guide it’s management, especially regarding the best time of its application in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen during the mineralization process of this residue. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with ten treatments related to different post-disposal periods to the soil (0, 7, 13, 20, 27, 34, 48, 69, 98, 147 days). Samples were collected to quantify easily oxidized organic carbon (OCeo), organic nitrogen (ON) and the determinations of their respective mineralized fractions. The evaluation of OCeo mineralization, being more stable and less susceptible to climatic variations, was the most appropriate for estimating the mineralized fraction of the residue. The application of the residue in dystrophic Yellow Red Latosol soil during the month of August provides, after 140 days, OCeo and ON mineralized fractions around 99 and 60%, respectively, in the climatic conditions of Espirito Santo state, Brazil.A utilização de resíduos do processo de secagem de pimenta-do-reino como fertilizante de lavouras deve considerar a dinâmica de sua decomposição e liberação dos nutrientes, para orientar o seu manejo, principalmente quanto à melhor época de sua aplicação no solo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica do carbono orgânico e do nitrogênio durante o processo de mineralização desse resíduo. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dez tratamentos, correspondentes ao tempo de pós-disposição ao solo (0, 7, 13, 20, 27, 34, 48, 69, 98, 147 dias), quando amostras foram coletadas para a determinação de carbono orgânico facilmente oxidado (OCeo), nitrogênio orgânico (ON) e suas respectivas frações mineralizadas. A avaliação da mineralização do OCeo, por ser mais estável e menos suscetível às variações climáticas, foi a mais apropriada para a estimativa da fração mineralizada do resíduo. A aplicação do resíduo em solo de Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico durante o mês de agosto proporciona, após 140 dias, frações mineralizadas OCeo e ON em torno de 99 e 60%, respectivamente, nas condições climáticas do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil

Translational approach to address therapy in myotonia permanens due to a new SCN4A mutation

Objective: We performed a clinical, functional, and pharmacologic characterization of the novel p.P1158L Nav1.4 mutation identified in a young girl presenting a severe myotonic phenotype. Methods: Wild-type hNav1.4 channel and P1158L mutant were expressed in tsA201 cells for functional and pharmacologic studies using patch-clamp. Results: The patient shows pronounced myotonia, slowness of movements, and generalized muscle hypertrophy. Because of general discomfort with mexiletine, she was given flecainide with satisfactory response. In vitro, mutant channels show a slower current decay and a rightward shift of the voltage dependence of fast inactivation. The voltage dependence of activation and slow inactivation were not altered. Mutant channels were less sensitive to mexiletine, whereas sensitivity to flecainide was not altered. The reduced inhibition of mutant channels by mexiletine was also observed using clinically relevant drug concentrations in a myotonic-like condition. Conclusions: Clinical phenotype and functional alterations of P1158L support the diagnosis of myotonia permanens. Impairment of fast inactivation is consistent with the possible role of the channel domain III S4-S5 loop in the inactivation gate docking site. The reduced sensitivity of P1158L to mexiletine may have contributed to the unsatisfactory response of the patient. The success of flecainide therapy underscores the usefulness of in vitro functional studies to help in the choice of the best drug for each individual

Agricultural wastes incorporated to the substrate in the production of scarlet eggplant seedlings

The use of agricultural residues for seedlings production stands out as an effective sustainable alternative in the production of vegetables. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrations of wastes from the coffee beans drying process (moinha) on substrates composed of coconut fiber, eggshell and commercial substrate in the emergence and quality of scarlet eggplant seedlings. We carried out the experiment with five treatments, as the following: T0 – commercial substrate BioplantÒ; T1- 15% of moinha  (MO) + 15% of coconut fiber (FC) + 5% of eggshells (CO) + 65% of commercial substrate (SC); T2 - 30% MO + 15% FC + 5% CO+ 50% SC; T3 - 45% MO + 15% FC + 5% CO + 35% SC; and T4 - 60% MO + 15% FC + 5% CO + 20% SC. We evaluated the emergency speed index, seed emergency, seedling height, stem diameter, shoot, root and total dry mass, Dickson’s Quality Index and the electrical conductivity of the substrates. The addition of moinha concentrations above 15% promotes an increase in electrical conductivity compared to the control and negatively affects the seedlings emergency. Among all treatments, 38% of moinha promotes an increase in the number of leaves, 15% of moinha results in higher plant height, stem diameter, and the highest dry mass accumulation. The alternative substrate containing 15% MO + 15% FC + 5% CO + 65% SC promotes a better development for scarlet eggplants seedlings, being an alternative to the exclusive use of the commercial substrate

Inclusion items and financial risk assessment in systems with grazing sheep under the concentrated supplementation

xxxThe aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and financial risk in two production systems of beef sheep, in grazing, with and without the use of concentrate, in Santa Teresa County - Espírito Santo State, Brazil. A cash flow spreadsheet was prepared. Through the sensitivity analysis it was shown that greater attention should be directed to the sale of finished animals and their acquisition. These, in descending order of relevance, followed by labor, in the system with no concentrate, and concentrated supplementation, in the system where it was present. Then, the Monte Carlo simulation was performed. Probabilities of 37.9 and 33.3% that the systems without and with the concentrate, respectively, were financially unfeasible were observed. Considering the alternative remuneration of 6%, there is a considerable risk for both options, perhaps because the proposed scenarios consider the need to implement all the infrastructure for the activity, in addition to the reduced size of the production module. The strategic use of concentrated supplement as a complement to pasture presents itself as an alternative that can reduce financial risk and increase income in intensive systems of production of beef sheep in grazing. The labor efficiency is an item that affects the financial efficiency of beef sheep production systems on pasture, especially in situations of weight gain of animals without the use of concentrated supplementation. The reduction of financial risk with the use of concentrated supplementation. Intensive grazing sheep production systems can be financially advantageous and the strategic use of concentrate can result in increased income and reduced financial risk associated with this type of production

Eficiência de sistemas de aeração em cascatas no tratamento de águas residuárias do café

The issue of this work was to assess the efficiency of aeration systems in cascades for the treatment of wastewater from the processing of coffee fruits. The aeration system was installed in cascades of a level difference of 4.14 m from the ground with 23 steps (height, width and length of 0.18, 0.32 and 0.60 m, respectively.) Samples of influent and effluent, after system operating with three recirculations per day, over a period of 10 days, were analyzed. The average removal efficiency of COD was 28.9 % during the experiment, the removals of total solids, total volatile solids, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and phenolic compounds were 57.3, 71.6, 26.5, 17.2, 35.7, 62.5, 49.5 and 55 % respectively. The cascade aeration proved to be an important alternative for composition the ARC treatment systems, with a view that is effective means of low cost and relatively fast for the aerobic treatment of organic material present in those wastewaters.Para avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de aeração em cascatas no tratamento de águas residuárias do processamento dos frutos do cafeeiro (ARC), a mesma foi aplicada em cascata com 4,14 m de altura, distribuída em 23 degraus (altura, largura e comprimento de 0,18; 0,32 e 0,60 m, respectivamente). No final da cascata foi instalado um reservatório para recepção/detenção da ARC escoada, de onde, após um tempo de detenção de 3 horas e transferência para um reservatório de distribuição, era recirculada no sistema. Amostras do afluente e efluente, após sistema operar com 3 recirculações por dia, num período de 10 dias, foram coletadas e analisadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir que a eficiência de remoção média de DQO foi de 28,9 % durante o experimento; as remoções de sólidos totais, sólidos voláteis totais; sólidos suspensos totais, sólidos suspensos voláteis, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e compostos fenólicos foram de 57,3; 71,6; 26,5; 17,2; 35,7; 62,5; 49,5 e 55 %, respectivamente. A cascata de aeração mostrou ser importante alternativa para composição de sistemas de tratamento da ARC, tendo em vista que é meio efetivo de baixo custo e de relativamente rápido tratamento aeróbio do material orgânico presente nessas águas residuárias

Agricultural residues as substrates in the production of formosa papaya, okra and zucchini seedlings

Using residues generated in agriculture to produce seedlingsis an economically interesting alternative, besides being a way to reduce the environmental impacts caused by their inadequate disposal. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of using coffee chaff (CC) and organic compost (OC) as substrate components for the production of Formosa papaya seedlings and the potential of grape pomace (GP), a vitiviniculture residue, in the composition of substrates for the production of okra and zucchini seedlings. We carried out two trials in a completely randomized design (CRD): the first had seven treatments and six replicates: T0: 100% commercial substrate Bioplant® (CS); from T1 to T6: increasing proportions of CC and decreasing of CC: 10/90; 20/80; 30/70; 40/60; 50/50 e 60/40%. The second had six treatments and six replicates, with increasing proportions of GP and decreasing proportions of CS: 0/100; 10/90; 20/80; 30/70; 40/60 and 50/50%.In the first trial we evaluated the number of leaves, root length, seedling height, stem diameter, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass and Dickson Quality Index (DQI) at 59 days after sowing.The second trialwas performed at 12 and 18 DAS and we analyzed the number of leaves, plant height, root length, collar diameter, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass and Dickson Quality Index (DQI). Variables that met the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity were subjected to Dunnett’s test. The substrate composed of coffee chaff and organic compost has a high potential to be used as an alternative substrate due to promote better quality of papaya seedlings compared to the commercial substrate. Alternative substrate containing 60% coffee chaff and 40% organic compost is recommended for the production of  Formosa papaya seedlings in tubes. The grape pomace (GP) has a high potential to be used as component in substrate for the production of okra and zucchini seedlings compared to the commercial substrate (CS) only. Alternative substrate composed of 50% GP and 50% CS is recommended for the production of zucchini seedlings, while substrate composed of 10% GP and 90% CS is recommended for the production of okra seedlings

Resíduo da secagem dos grãos de café como substrato alternativo em mudas de café Conilon

Among the various wastes generated during the coffee in the mountainous region of the Espiríto Santo state, “moinha” stands out from graim during. Because of their nutritional potential and the need have properly in the environment, it is aimed, with this work, evaluate the use of the different concentrations of the moinha as alternative substrate for vegetative development Conilon coffee seedlings. Was used a randomized block design, with four replicates, with split plot in the time. Different substrates were allocated in the plot (T1: soil + cattle manure at a ratio of 3: 1; T2: 10% moinha + soil; T3: 20% moinha + soil, T4: 30% moinha + soil and T5: 40% moinha + soil) and, in the subplots, the different ages of evaluation (60, 82, 104 and 126 days after planting). Variables such as changes in height, stem diameter, crown diameter, number of leaves and fresh and dry matter of root and shoot were submitted to ANOVA, F test hair, and as media, compared hair test Dunnet (α = 0.05). The use of the conventional substrate can be replaced hair by the substrate containing 10% moinha without there be difference in plant height as well as in dry and fresh matter shoot, what demonstrates it potential use as for the alternative substrate for producing seedlings.Dentre os diversos resíduos gerados durante o processo de beneficiamento do café, destaca-se aquele proveniente da secagem dos grãos, denominado na região serrana do Espírito Santo como “moinha”. Em razão de sua potencialidade nutricional e a necessidade de dispô-lo adequadamente no meio ambiente, objetivou-se, com a realização deste trabalho, avaliar o uso de diferentes concentrações de moinha como substrato alternativo no desenvolvimento vegetativo de mudas de café Conilon. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo alocados nas parcelas os diferentes substratos (T1: solo + esterco bovino na proporção de 3:1; T2: 10% de moinha + solo; T3: 20% de moinha + solo; T4: 30% de moinha + solo e T5: 40% de moinha + solo) e, nas subparcelas, as diferentes idades de avaliação (60; 80; 100 e 125 dias após o plantio). As variáveis altura de muda, diâmetro de caule, diâmetro de copa, número de folhas e a matéria fresca e seca da raiz e da parte aérea foram submetidas à análise de variância, pelo teste F, e as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Dunnet (α =0,05). O uso do substrato convencional pode ser substituído pelo substrato contendo 10% de moinha, sem que haja diferença na altura de plantas, bem como nas matérias seca e fresca da parte aérea, o que demonstra seu potencial de uso como substrato alternativo para a produção mudas clonais de café Conilon

Quality of arabic coffee under different processing systems, drying methods and altitudes

The quality of coffee is one of the most important requirements in the commercialization of the product, and the post-harvest stage is decisive in the production of excellent coffees. The region of Mutum, MG, Brazil, is predominantly coffee-growing, with high potential for the production of specialty coffees. Due to the social and economic importance of coffee production in the Matas de Minas region, research has been demanded with the aim of providing technological information that provides improvements in quality and consequent price aggregation of the coffee bag. Among the several factors that may affect coffee quality are the processing system, the drying method and the altitude. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of Arabica coffee at different altitudes, submitted to different processing systems and drying methods. The work was conducted at the Cabeceira do Imbiruçu, in a randomized complete block design,with treatments arranged in a scheme comprising sub-subdivided plots (2 x 2 x 2), with four replications. In the plots, the two altitudes (850 and 1050 m), in the subplotsthe two processingsystems (dry (natural) and wet (peeled cherry)) and in the sub-subplotstwo drying methods (cement and suspended yard, both covered). Sensory and electrical conductivity analyzes were performed. The fruits of coffee trees located at altitudes of 1050 m have sensory attributes superior to those of altitudes of 850 m. The best results of the coffee flavor and aroma sensory attributes were obtained in the wet processing system when compared to a dry (natural) processing system. The electrical conductivity of the coffee beans obtained in the wet processing system was lower than that obtained in the dry processing system (natural), which gives a better beverage quality. Drying methods in suspended yard and cement yard, both with plastic cover and if technically conducted, do not influence the sensory characteristics of the Arabica coffee

Resíduos agrícolas incorporados a substrato comercial na produção de mudas de repolho

In the production of quality vegetables, the formation of seedlings is one of the most important phases for the crop cycle, directly influencing the final performance of the plant, both from a nutritional and productive point of view. One of the decisive factors to obtain seedlings with quality and consequent increase in productivity is the type of substrate used. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of increasing proportions of residues from the drying of coffee beans (chaff) on alternative substrates constituted by coconut fiber, eggshell and commercial substrate, in the growth variables of cabbage seedlings. The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design, with five treatments and ten replicates, with the following treatments: T0: commercial substrate (control); T1: 10% chaff (CH) + 15% coconut fiber (CF) + 5% eggshell (ES) + 70% commercial substrate (CS); T2: 20% CH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 60% CS; T3: 30% CH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 50% CS; T4: 40% CH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 40% CS. The evaluated variables were substrate electrical conductivity, collection diameter, number of leaves, height of plants and dry matter of shoot, root, and total plant. The highest values obtained from the variables analyzed were obtained in the treatment 4, in which 40% of woodwool + 15% coconut fiber + 5% eggshell + 40% commercial substrate were used.Na produção de hortaliças de qualidade a formação de mudas é uma das fases mais importantes para o ciclo da cultura, influenciando diretamente no desempenho final da planta, tanto do ponto de vista nutricional como produtivo. Um dos fatores decisivos para obtenção de mudas com qualidade e consequente aumento de produtividade é o tipo de substrato utilizado. O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de proporções crescentes de resíduos da secagem de grãos de café (moinha) em substratos alternativos compostos de fibra de coco, casca de ovo e substrato comercial, nas variáveis de crescimento de mudas de repolho. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e dez repetições, sendo os tratamentos: T0: substrato comercial (testemunha); T1: 10% de moinha (MO) + 15% fibra de coco (FC) + 5% casca de ovo (CO) + 70% substrato comercial (SC); T2: 20% de MO + 15% FC + 5% CO + 60% SC; T3: 30% de MO + 15% FC + 5% CO + 50% SC; T4: 40% de MO + 15% FC + 5% CO + 40% SC. As variáveis avaliadas foram condutividade elétrica do substrato, diâmetro de coleto, número de folhas, altura de plantas e matérias secas da parte aérea, raiz e total de planta. Os maiores valores obtidos das variáveis analisadas foram obtidos no tratamento 4, no qual se utilizou-se 40% de moinha + 15% fibra de coco + 5% casca de ovo + 40% substrato comercial

The Many Manifestations of Downsizing: Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Models confront Observations

[abridged] It has been widely claimed that several lines of observational evidence point towards a "downsizing" (DS) of the process of galaxy formation over cosmic time. This behavior is sometimes termed "anti-hierarchical", and contrasted with the "bottom-up" assembly of the dark matter structures in Cold Dark Matter models. In this paper we address three different kinds of observational evidence that have been described as DS: the stellar mass assembly, star formation rate and the ages of the stellar populations in local galaxies. We compare a broad compilation of available data-sets with the predictions of three different semi-analytic models of galaxy formation within the Lambda-CDM framework. In the data, we see only weak evidence at best of DS in stellar mass and in star formation rate. We find that, when observational errors on stellar mass and SFR are taken into account, the models acceptably reproduce the evolution of massive galaxies, over the entire redshift range that we consider. However, lower mass galaxies are formed too early in the models and are too passive at late times. Thus, the models do not correctly reproduce the DS trend in stellar mass or the archaeological DS, while they qualitatively reproduce the mass-dependent evolution of the SFR. We demonstrate that these discrepancies are not solely due to a poor treatment of satellite galaxies but are mainly connected to the excessively efficient formation of central galaxies in high-redshift haloes with circular velocities ~100-200 km/s. [abridged]Comment: MNRAS accepted, 16 pages, 10 figure