Mulheres No Poder: Aspectos Sobre O Discurso Feminino Nas Campanhas Eleitorais

This article analyzes the television spots of female presidential candidates Dilma Rousseff(Brazil), Michelle Bachelet (Chile) and Cristina Kirchner (Argentina) in their respective electoral campaigns. It aims at assessing how these Latin American presidents positioned themselves as women in their campaigns. The research question guiding our analysis was Do campaign positions neutralize or reinforce gender stereotypes? We rely on a specialized literature in order to understand the issues related to gender and its connections to electoral disputes. The empirical analysis was done through content analysis and measured the presence of the theme of "woman" in said television spots. We also analyze the position chosen in other aspects of television ads, assessing the presence of three main codes: iconic, linguistic, and sonorous. The results show that the agenda of gender-related issues has concentrated on ads dealing with motherhood and job creation. In order to overcome gender stereotypes, the candidates were presented in agreement with the attributes perceived as necessary for political leadership, with an emphasis placed on traditionally masculine traits such as self-determination, seriousness, intelligence, competence, and leadership. Analyses of television spots show that in some instances the candidates reproduce gender stereotypes in their campaigns.22238541

Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of mixed anhydrides via carbonylative telomerization

For the first time, mixed carboxylic anhydrides were accessed directly via homogeneous palladium catalysis from 1,3-butadiene and carboxylic acids. Under carbonylative telomerization conditions, the respective mixed 3,8-nonadienoic anhydrides are formed in a single reaction step with yields of up to 82%. These very reactive mixed anhydrides can then be used for consecutive reactions in a one-pot manner and selectively transfer the newly formed unsaturated C9 unit. Possible changes in the proposed mechanism were discussed and in a first example, the mixed anhydrides were utilized to form amides

Small donors in world politics: The role of trust funds in the foreign aid policies of Central and Eastern European donors

The Central and Eastern European (CEE) EU member states have emerged as new donors of international development assistance since the turn of the millennium. The literature has tended to focus on the bilateral components of these policies, and neglected CEE multilateral aid. This paper contributes to filling this gap by examining how and why CEE donors contribute to trust funds operated by multilateral donors. The aim of the paper is twofold: First, it provides a descriptive account of how CEE countries use trust funds in the allocation of their foreign aid. Second, it explains this allocation using data from qualitative interviews with CEE officials. CEE countries make much less use of trust funds than might be expected. This is due not only to the loss of visibility and control over their resources, but also to how CEE companies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) rarely achieve funding successes at multilateral organisations

Engineering yield and rate of reductive biotransformation in Escherichia coli by partial cyclization of the pentose phosphate pathway and PTS-independent glucose transport

Optimization of yields and productivities in reductive whole-cell biotransformations is an important issue for the industrial application of such processes. In a recent study with Escherichia coli, we analyzed the reduction of the prochiral β-ketoester methyl acetoacetate by an R-specific alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to the chiral hydroxy ester (R)-methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate (MHB) using glucose as substrate for the generation of NADPH. Deletion of the phosphofructokinase gene pfkA almost doubled the yield to 4.8 mol MHB per mole of glucose, and it was assumed that this effect was due to a partial cyclization of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Here, this partial cyclization was confirmed by 13C metabolic flux analysis, which revealed a negative net flux from glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase. For further process optimization, the genes encoding the glucose facilitator (glf) and glucokinase (glk) of Zymomonas mobilis were overexpressed in recombinant E. coli strains carrying ADH and deletions of either pgi (phosphoglucose isomerase), or pfkA, or pfkA plus pfkB. In all cases, the glucose uptake rate was increased (30–47%), and for strains Δpgi and ΔpfkA also, the specific MHB production rate was increased by 15% and 20%, respectively. The yield of the latter two strains slightly dropped by 11% and 6%, but was still 73% and 132% higher compared to the reference strain with intact pgi and pfkA genes and expressing glf and glk. Thus, metabolic engineering strategies are presented for improving yield and rate of reductive redox biocatalysis by partial cyclization of the PPP and by increasing glucose uptake, respectively

It’s not the size, it’s the relationship: from ‘small states’ to asymmetry

Debate about the definition of “small state” has produced more fragmentation than consensus, even as the literature has demonstrated its subjects’ roles in joining international organizations propagating norms, executing creative diplomacy, influencing allies, avoiding and joining conflicts, and building peace. However, work on small states has struggled to identify commonalities in these states’ international relations, to cumulate knowledge, or to impact broader IR theory. This paper advocates a changed conceptual and definitional framework. Analysis of “small states” should pivot to examine the dynamics of the asymmetrical relationships in which these states are engaged. Instead of seeking an overall metric for size as the relevant variable—falling victim in a different way Dahl’s “lump-of-power fallacy,” we can recognize the multifaceted, variegated nature of power, whether in war or peacetime

Invertase, glucose oxidase and catalase for converting sucrose to fructose and gluconic acid through batch and membrane-continuous reactors

Conversion of sucrose into fructose and gluconic acid using invertase, glucose oxidase and catalase was studied by discontinuous (sequential or simultaneous addition of the enzymes) and continuous (simultaneous addition of the enzymes in a 100 kDa-ultrafiltration membrane reactor) processes. The following parameters were varied: concentration of enzymes, initial concentration of substrates (sucrose and glucose), pH, temperature and feeding rate (for continuous process). The highest yield of conversion (100%) was attained through the discontinuous (batch) process carried out at pH 4.5 and 37 ºC by the sequential addition of invertase (14.3 U), glucose oxidase (10,000 U) and catalase (59,000 U).Neste trabalho estudou-se a conversão da sacarose em frutose e ácido glicônico, usando as enzimas invertase, glicose oxidase e catalase, através do emprego de processo descontínuo (com adição sequencial ou simultânea das enzimas) e contínuo (adição simultânea das enzimas em reator com membrana acoplado à membrana de ultrafiltração de 100 kDa). Os parâmetros variados foram: a concentração das enzimas, a concentração inicial dos substratos (sacarose e glicose), o pH, a temperatura e a vazão específica de alimentação (processo contínuo). Obteve-se rendimento de 100%, quando a conversão foi conduzida por processo descontínuo em pH 4,5 e a 37 ºC com adição seqüencial das enzimas invertase (14,3 U), glicose oxidase (10.000 U) e catalase (59.000 U)