Statut démographique et biologie de la reproduction d'une espèce endémique menacée de l'île de la Réunion: Lomatophyllum macrum (Haw.) Salm-Dyck (Siliacées)

Knowledge of the demography and of the reproductive biology of endangered plant species is crucial for the establishment of an efficient conservation strate gy. The authors show that Lomatophyllum macrum, an endangered lily endemic to La Réunion island, is represented by less than 15 populations of extremely reduced size. The analysis of fecundity in natural conditions shows that the fructification rate is no more than 20 %. The breeding system study, performed on 9 cultivated plants in the greenhouse, reveals that the species is partially self-compatible but poorly self-fertile. In the light of these results, the survival of these populations is questioned. Future studies are proposed to improve the basic knowledge of the biology of this species for a long term conservation strategy of its populations in the wildLa connaissance du statut démographique et de la biologie reproductive des plantes en voie d'extinction est une étape cruciale, incontournable pour la mise en place de stratégies de conservation des espèces. Les auteurs montrent que Lomatophyllum macrum n'est aujourd'hui plus représentée que par quelques populations de taille extrêmement réduite. L'analyse de la fécondité en conditions naturelles montre que le taux de fructification ne dépasse pas 20 %. L'étude du système de reproduction à partir de 9 plantes multipliées en serre met en évidence que l'espèce est partiellement autocompatible mais très faiblement autofertile. Des perspectives d'études sont proposées afin d'enrichir les connaissances de la biologie de cette espèce dans le but d'élaborer un plan de conservation efficace de ses populations dans la nature

Deux occupations rurales de La Tène ancienne à Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine, Les Chauffeaux (Indre-et-Loire)

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Molecular composition of clouds: a comparison between samples collected at tropical (Réunion Island, France) and mid-north (Puy de Dôme, France) latitudes

The composition of dissolved organic matter of cloud water has been investigated through non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry on only a few samples that were mostly collected in the Northern Hemisphere in the USA, Europe and China. There remains, therefore, a lack of measurements for clouds located in the Southern Hemisphere, under tropical conditions and influenced by forest emissions. As a matter of fact, the comparison of the composition of clouds collected in different locations is challenging since the methodology for the analysis and data treatment is not standardized. In this work, the chemical composition of three samples collected at Réunion Island (REU) during the BIO-MAÏDO field campaign, in the Indian Ocean, with influences from marine, anthropogenic and biogenic (tropical) emissions, is investigated and compared to the chemical composition of samples collected at the Puy de Dôme (PUY) observatory in France. The same methodology of analysis and data treatment was employed, producing a unique dataset for the investigation of the molecular composition of organic matter in cloud water. Besides the analysis of elemental composition, we investigated the carbon oxidation state (OSC) of dissolved organic matter, finding that overall samples collected at PUY are more oxidized than those collected at REU. Molecular formulas were also classified based on stoichiometric elemental ratios, showing the high frequency and abundance of reduced organic compounds, classified as lipids (LipidC), in this matrix, which led to a search for terpene oxidation products in cloud water samples. To better discriminate between samples collected at PUY and REU, statistical analysis (principal component analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering) was performed on the ensemble of molecular formulas and their intensities. Samples collected at REU have a different composition from samples collected at PUY, which is mainly linked to different primary sources, the processing of organic matter in cloud water and the influence of different primary emissions at the two locations.</p

Constraints on the structure and seasonal variations of Triton's atmosphere from the 5 October 2017 stellar occultation and previous observations

Context. A stellar occultation by Neptune's main satellite, Triton, was observed on 5 October 2017 from Europe, North Africa, and the USA. We derived 90 light curves from this event, 42 of which yielded a central flash detection. Aims. We aimed at constraining Triton's atmospheric structure and the seasonal variations of its atmospheric pressure since the Voyager 2 epoch (1989). We also derived the shape of the lower atmosphere from central flash analysis. Methods. We used Abel inversions and direct ray-tracing code to provide the density, pressure, and temperature profiles in the altitude range similar to 8 km to similar to 190 km, corresponding to pressure levels from 9 mu bar down to a few nanobars. Results. (i) A pressure of 1.18 +/- 0.03 mu bar is found at a reference radius of 1400 km (47 km altitude). (ii) A new analysis of the Voyager 2 radio science occultation shows that this is consistent with an extrapolation of pressure down to the surface pressure obtained in 1989. (iii) A survey of occultations obtained between 1989 and 2017 suggests that an enhancement in surface pressure as reported during the 1990s might be real, but debatable, due to very few high S/N light curves and data accessible for reanalysis. The volatile transport model analysed supports a moderate increase in surface pressure, with a maximum value around 2005-2015 no higher than 23 mu bar. The pressures observed in 1995-1997 and 2017 appear mutually inconsistent with the volatile transport model presented here. (iv) The central flash structure does not show evidence of an atmospheric distortion. We find an upper limit of 0.0011 for the apparent oblateness of the atmosphere near the 8 km altitude.J.M.O. acknowledges financial support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the European Social Fund (ESF) through the PhD grant SFRH/BD/131700/2017. The work leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's H2020 2014-2021 ERC grant Agreement nffi 669416 "Lucky Star". We thank S. Para who supported some travels to observe the 5 October 2017 occultation. T.B. was supported for this research by an appointment to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Post-Doctoral Program at the Ames Research Center administered by Universities Space Research Association (USRA) through a contract with NASA. We acknowledge useful exchanges with Mark Gurwell on the ALMA CO observations. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium).Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. J.L.O., P.S.-S., N.M. and R.D. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709), they also acknowledge the financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-2017-84637-R and the Proyecto de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucia J.A. 2012-FQM1776. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement no. 687378, as part of the project "Small Bodies Near and Far" (SBNAF). P.S.-S. acknowledges financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-RTI2018-098657-J-I00 "LEO-SBNAF". The work was partially based on observations made at the Laboratorio Nacional de Astrofisica (LNA), Itajuba-MG, Brazil. The following authors acknowledge the respective CNPq grants: F.B.-R. 309578/2017-5; R.V.-M. 304544/2017-5, 401903/2016-8; J.I.B.C. 308150/2016-3 and 305917/2019-6; M.A. 427700/20183, 310683/2017-3, 473002/2013-2. This study was financed in part by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brasil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001 and the National Institute of Science and Technology of the e-Universe project (INCT do e-Universo, CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). G.B.R. acknowledges CAPES-FAPERJ/PAPDRJ grant E26/203.173/2016 and CAPES-PRINT/UNESP grant 88887.571156/2020-00, M.A. FAPERJ grant E26/111.488/2013 and A.R.G.Jr. FAPESP grant 2018/11239-8. B.E.M. thanks CNPq 150612/2020-6 and CAPES/Cofecub-394/2016-05 grants. Part of the photometric data used in this study were collected in the frame of the photometric observations with the robotic and remotely controlled telescope at the University of Athens Observatory (UOAO; Gazeas 2016). The 2.3 m Aristarchos telescope is operated on Helmos Observatory by the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens. Observations with the 2.3 m Aristarchos telescope were carried out under OPTICON programme. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730890. This material reflects only the authors views and the Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The 1. 2m Kryoneri telescope is operated by the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens. The Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA) is managed by the Fondazione Clement Fillietroz-ONLUS, which is supported by the Regional Government of the Aosta Valley, the Town Municipality of Nus and the "Unite des Communes valdotaines Mont-Emilius". The 0.81 m Main Telescope at the OAVdA was upgraded thanks to a Shoemaker NEO Grant 2013 from The Planetary Society. D.C. and J.M.C. acknowledge funds from a 2017 'Research and Education' grant from Fondazione CRT-Cassa di Risparmio di Torino. P.M. acknowledges support from the Portuguese Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia ref. PTDC/FISAST/29942/2017 through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE 2020 (ref. POCI010145 FEDER007672). F.J. acknowledges Jean Luc Plouvier for his help. S.J.F. and C.A. would like to thank the UCL student support observers: Helen Dai, Elise Darragh-Ford, Ross Dobson, Max Hipperson, Edward Kerr-Dineen, Isaac Langley, Emese Meder, Roman Gerasimov, Javier Sanjuan, and Manasvee Saraf. We are grateful to the CAHA, OSN and La Hita Observatory staffs. This research is partially based on observations collected at Centro Astronomico HispanoAleman (CAHA) at Calar Alto, operated jointly by Junta de Andalucia and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IAA-CSIC). This research was also partially based on observation carried out at the Observatorio de Sierra Nevada (OSN) operated by Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (CSIC). This article is also based on observations made with the Liverpool Telescope operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. Partially based on observations made with the Tx40 and Excalibur telescopes at the Observatorio Astrofisico de Javalambre in Teruel, a Spanish Infraestructura Cientifico-Tecnica Singular (ICTS) owned, managed and operated by the Centro de Estudios de Fisica del Cosmos de Aragon (CEFCA). Tx40 and Excalibur are funded with the Fondos de Inversiones de Teruel (FITE). A.R.R. would like to thank Gustavo Roman for the mechanical adaptation of the camera to the telescope to allow for the observation to be recorded. R.H., J.F.R., S.P.H. and A.S.L. have been supported by the Spanish projects AYA2015-65041P and PID2019-109467GB-100 (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19. Our great thanks to Omar Hila and their collaborators in Atlas Golf Marrakech Observatory for providing access to the T60cm telescope. TRAPPIST is a project funded by the Belgian Fonds (National) de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) under grant PDR T.0120.21. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liege, and performed in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakesh. E.J. is a FNRS Senior Research Associate

Prévision de la durée de vie à haute température et sous air de composite SiCf/Si-B-Cm

Fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMC) exhibit properties which make them candidates for use in aeronautical or spare systems. They are lighter than metals, and they retain high mechanical resistance in severe conditions of temperature, pressure or environment. In recent SiC matrix composites, the matrix consists of a multilayer and it contains B based phases, which favors crack healing and thus limits subsequent ingress of oxygen. Lifetime of CMCs depends on temperature, environment and loading conditions. Delayed failure under load at high temperature in air has been investigated on minicomposite test specimens and in fiber bundles. Off axis fatigue tests have also been conducted on 2D composites. A model of delayed failure has been proposed. lt is based on a micromechanics approach. Description of effects of oxidation including degradation of interphases and fibers, and crack healing was introduced.Les composites à matrice céramique (C.M.C.) renforcés avec des fibres (généralement en Carbure de Silicium (Hi-Nicalon (Nippon Carbon)) ou en carbone) sont des matériaux intéressants pour l'aéronautique et le spatial. En effet, ils permettent un gain de poids important tout en assurant une très bonne résistance mécanique dans des conditions sévères de température, de pression et d'environnement. Des composés borés ont été incorporés au sein de la matrice SiCm pour accroître la durée de vie des matériaux sous environnement oxydant et sollicitation thermomécanique.Ces matériaux ont des capacités d'autocicatrisation qui permet de limiter la diffusion de l'oxygène à coeur vers le renfort fibreux. La durée de vie sous charge des composites à matrice céramique dépend de plusieurs facteurs tels que la température, l'environnement et le mode de sollicitation (fatigue cyclique, fluage ... ). Elle a été abordée d'un point de vue micromécanique en fatigue sous air à hautes températures. Les phénomènes élémentaires responsables de la rupture différée en fatigue à haute température ont été déterminés sur des minicomposites. Les minicomposites sont composés uniquement d'un fil enveloppé d'une matrice multicouche. Les minicomposites permettent de s'affranchir des effets de l'architecture de renfort. Des essais complémentaires sur fils ont permis de déterminer des modes de fissuration lente des fibres prépondérants à 600°C. Des essais de fatigue hors axe à 45° ont été effectués sur des composites. La modélisation des comportements mécaniques afin de prévoir la durée de vie prend en compte non seulement les contraintes mécaniques mais également l'effet de phénomènes physico-chimiques induits par l'oxydation (dégradation et cicatrisation)

Prévision de la durée de vie à haute température et sous air de composite SiCf/Si-B-Cm

Fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMC) exhibit properties which make them candidates for use in aeronautical or spare systems. They are lighter than metals, and they retain high mechanical resistance in severe conditions of temperature, pressure or environment. In recent SiC matrix composites, the matrix consists of a multilayer and it contains B based phases, which favors crack healing and thus limits subsequent ingress of oxygen. Lifetime of CMCs depends on temperature, environment and loading conditions. Delayed failure under load at high temperature in air has been investigated on minicomposite test specimens and in fiber bundles. Off axis fatigue tests have also been conducted on 2D composites. A model of delayed failure has been proposed. lt is based on a micromechanics approach. Description of effects of oxidation including degradation of interphases and fibers, and crack healing was introduced.Les composites à matrice céramique (C.M.C.) renforcés avec des fibres (généralement en Carbure de Silicium (Hi-Nicalon (Nippon Carbon)) ou en carbone) sont des matériaux intéressants pour l'aéronautique et le spatial. En effet, ils permettent un gain de poids important tout en assurant une très bonne résistance mécanique dans des conditions sévères de température, de pression et d'environnement. Des composés borés ont été incorporés au sein de la matrice SiCm pour accroître la durée de vie des matériaux sous environnement oxydant et sollicitation thermomécanique.Ces matériaux ont des capacités d'autocicatrisation qui permet de limiter la diffusion de l'oxygène à coeur vers le renfort fibreux. La durée de vie sous charge des composites à matrice céramique dépend de plusieurs facteurs tels que la température, l'environnement et le mode de sollicitation (fatigue cyclique, fluage ... ). Elle a été abordée d'un point de vue micromécanique en fatigue sous air à hautes températures. Les phénomènes élémentaires responsables de la rupture différée en fatigue à haute température ont été déterminés sur des minicomposites. Les minicomposites sont composés uniquement d'un fil enveloppé d'une matrice multicouche. Les minicomposites permettent de s'affranchir des effets de l'architecture de renfort. Des essais complémentaires sur fils ont permis de déterminer des modes de fissuration lente des fibres prépondérants à 600°C. Des essais de fatigue hors axe à 45° ont été effectués sur des composites. La modélisation des comportements mécaniques afin de prévoir la durée de vie prend en compte non seulement les contraintes mécaniques mais également l'effet de phénomènes physico-chimiques induits par l'oxydation (dégradation et cicatrisation)

Sequencing complex genomes of wheat wild relatives

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Prévision de la durée de vie à haute température et sous air de composite SiCf/Si-B-Cm

Les composites à matrice céramique (C.M.C.) renforcés avec des fibres (généralement en Carbure de Silicium (Hi-Nicalon (Nippon Carbon)) ou en carbone) sont des matériaux intéressants pour l'aéronautique et le spatial. En effet, ils permettent un gain de poids important tout en assurant une très bonne résistance mécanique dans des conditions sévères de température, de pression et d'environnement. Des composés borés ont été incorporés au sein de la matrice SiCm pour accroître la durée de vie des matériaux sous environnement oxydant et sollicitation thermomécanique. Ces matériaux ont des capacités d'autocicatrisation qui permet de limiter la diffusion de l'oxygène à coeur vers le renfort fibreux. La durée de vie sous charge des composites à matrice céramique dépend de plusieurs facteurs tels que la température, l'environnement et le mode de sollicitation (fatigue cyclique, fluage...). Elle a été abordée d'un point de vue micromécanique en fatigue sous air à hautes températures. Les phénomènes élémentaires responsables de la rupture différée rn fatigue à haute température ont été déterminés sur des minicomposites. Les minicomposites sont composés uniquement d'un fil enveloppé d'une matrice multicouche. Les minicomposites permettent de s'affranchir des effets de l'architecture de renfort. Des essais complémentaires sur fils ont permis de déterminer des modes de fissuration lente des fibres prépondérants à 600C. Des essais de fatigue hors axe à 45 ont été effectués sur des composites. La modélisation des comportements mécaniques afin de prévoir la durée de vie prend en compte non seulement les contraintes mécaniques mais également l'effet de phénomènes physico-chimiques induits par l'oxydation (dégradation et cicatrisation).BORDEAUX1-BU Sciences-Talence (335222101) / SudocCACHAN-ENS (940162301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les anneaux en pierre dans le Massif armoricain

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L'agriculture et l'économie Tchéco-Slovaques : réalité du changement ou changement de réalité ?

Czechoslovakien agriculture and economy : a real change or a change in reality ? The Czechoslovakien agriculture is an efficient sector of the economy, as regards production ; means and techniques used are comparable to ours. However, the size of structures involved and the weight of the laborforce differ considerably. The farm is also the basis of the organization of the rural social fabric, and production represents only one of the functions carried out by the farming structure. Thus, evaluation of economic performance in the agricultural field, which is difficult when done with poorly-adapted indices, is different from clichés usually formulised in judging a command economy. Nevertheless, the political changes which have been undertaken can only call this organization into question. Based on idealistic vision of the market economy, driven by the will to break with the socialist period, the « velvet revolution* still carries many uncertainties. Can agriculture turn out to be stronger for this change ? Nothing is less certain ...L'agriculture tchécoslovaque est un secteur performant sur le plan de la production, avec des moyens et des techniques mis en oeuvre comparables aux nôtres. La taille des structures et l'importance de la main d'oeuvre diffèrent cependant sensiblement. L'exploitation agricole est aussi la base de l'organisation du tissu rural, où la production agricole n'est qu'une des fonctions assurées. Aussi, l'évaluation de la performance économique de l'agriculture, toujours délicate quand elle est réalisée avec des indicateurs mal adaptés, est-elle différente des habituels clichés que véhiculent les jugements sur une économie socialiste. Pourtant, le changement politique amorcé remet en cause cette organisation. Reposant sur une vision idéaliste de l'économie de marché, animée par une volonté de rupture avec la période socialiste, la « révolution de velours« recèle encore beaucoup d'incertitudes. L'agriculture peut-elle sortir renforcée de ce changement ? Rien n'est moins sûr...Couret Frédéric, Del'Homme Bernard, Pailler Jean. L'agriculture et l'économie Tchéco-Slovaques : réalité du changement ou changement de réalité ?. In: Économie rurale. N°210, 1992. pp. 39-43