Sipuncula de la región magallánica comparada con zonas adyacentes de la Antártida

The Magellan sipunculan fauna includes 4 families, 7 genera and 16 species. A comparison between this fauna and that from adjacent regions of Antarctica has been made. A total of 8 species and 3 genera are shared by the compared areas. Univariate analyses show no significant statistical differences among the investigated faunas, whereas a multivariate analysis corroborates that the effects of the Antarctic Convergence are stronger at the level of genera than species. Only 3 genera were able to cross over this zoogeographical boundary. However, these 3 genera succeeded in the new biotopes of Antarctica, since a total of 16 species have been recorded, compared with the 8 species only found in the Magellan region.La fauna magallánica de sipuncúlidos presenta 4 familias, 7 géneros y 16 especies. Se lleva a cabo una comparación entre esta fauna y la procedente de zonas adyacentes de la Antártida. Un total de 8 especies y 3 géneros están presentes en ambas zonas. Los resultados del análisis univariante indican la ausencia de diferencias estadísticas significativas entre las faunas investigadas, mientras que el análisis multivariante revela que los efectos de la Convergencia Antártica son más importantes a nivel de género que de especie. Sin embargo, estos géneros tuvieron cierto éxito en la colonización progresiva de los nuevos biotopos antárticos, dado que se han encontrado un total de 16 especies frente a las 8 exclusivas del área magallánica

Learning ordered pooling weights in image classification

Spatial pooling is an important step in computer vision systems like Convolutional Neural Networks or the Bag-of-Words method. The spatial pooling purpose is to combine neighbouring descriptors to obtain a single descriptor for a given region (local or global). The resultant combined vector must be as discriminant as possible, in other words, must contain relevant information, while removing irrelevant and confusing details. Maximum and average are the most common aggregation functions used in the pooling step. To improve the aggregation of relevant information without degrading their discriminative power for image classification, we introduce a simple but effective scheme based on Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) aggregation operators. We present a method to learn the weights of the OWA aggregation operator in a Bag-of-Words framework and in Convolutional Neural Networks, and provide an extensive evaluation showing that OWA based pooling outperforms classical aggregation operators

Construction of interval-valued fuzzy preference relations from ignorance functions and fuzzy preference relations. Application to decision making

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Macrozoobenthic changes on rocky shores of the Bight of Bilbao: 14 years of monitoring biological recovery

Benthic communities on rocky shores from the Bight of Bilbao, known as the Abra de Bilbao (northern Spain) and the adjacent coast have been studied during 14 years (1984-1998) within the framework of an environmental monitoring programme for both subtidal and intertidal zones. The study area is now experiencing a process of generalised environmental improvement in its water quality, as a result of the region's industrial recession and the implementation of a comprehensive renovation sewage system, which is still in progress. Biological recovery has been analysed with uni- and multivariate techniques, which make it possible to differentiate several recovery stages, grouped according to the littoral zone sampled. A total of 12 taxa have been selected as characteristics of different environmental situations in space and time, the most sensitive of which are Sagartiidae, Mytilidae, Patellidae and Chthamalidae. The need to use alternative analyses in long term studies of hard bot- tom macrozoobenthos is highlighted. A three-phase conceptual model based on own results and previous works is proposed, which describes the current situation, as well as the recorded or expected changes. The model comprises two parts: a) one for the subtidal and lower intertidal levels, where biotic strategies related to the inverse patterns of fauna and flora dominance are emphasised; b) another for the upper intertidal level, where the appearance and development of a barnacle belt play a crucial role. The model is intended to serve as an environmental tool able to detect changes in the recovery process of the Bight of Bilbao and similar bays elsewhere.Se han estudiado las comunidades bénticas de sustrato rocoso del abra de Bilbao y su costa adyacente durante 14 años (1984-1998), dentro de un programa de seguimiento biológico de los medios submareal e intermareal. El área de estudio se encuentra en un proceso de mejora de la calidad ambiental de sus aguas como consecuencia de la recesión industrial y del Plan Integral de Saneamiento, actualmente en desarrollo. Se ha constatado la recuperación biológica por medio de técnicas univariantes y multivariantes, proponiéndose una serie de etapas en dicha recuperación, diferentes según el nivel litoral. Se ha seleccionado un total de doce taxones como los máximos responsables de discriminar situaciones en el espacio y en el tiempo, entre los que destacan por su mayor sensibilidad: Sagartiidae, Mytilidae, Patellidae y Chthamalidae. Se demuestra, asimismo, la necesidad de utilizar diferentes tipos de análisis en los estudios a largo plazo del macrozoobentos de sustrato rocoso. Con base en estos resultados y en trabajos previos, se articula un modelo conceptual en tres fases, describiendo la situación actual del bentos y los cambios registrados o previsibles. El modelo consta de dos partes: a) el correspondiente a los niveles submareal e intermareal inferior, donde se enfatizan las estrategias relacionadas con los patrones inversos de dominancia de la fauna y la flora; b) el concerniente al nivel intermareal superior, donde desempeñan un papel fundamental la aparición y el desarrollo del cinturón de cirrípedos. De este modo, se pretende dotar a los planes de seguimiento ambiental, tanto del abra de Bilbao como de otras áreas similares, de una herramienta para la detección de cambios en sus planes de recuperación.Instituto Español de Oceanografí