Evaluating the expression of urokinase and tissue leukocyte being in benign and malignant breast disease

Introduction: Our objectives is to show that the expression of uPA leukocyte could be considered, in the future, as a marker of the expression of uPA in the malignant tissue and therefore a potential indicator of prognosis. Methods: We examined the expression of uPa in leukocytes and tissues of three groups of women: with breast cancer; with benign breast lesion and healthy women (control group). We used RT Real Time PCR assay. The expression of urokinase is significantly higher in malignant breast lumps compared to benign lesions. However, in women with carcinoma of the breast, malignant tissue expresses higher amounts of uPA than the healthy counterpart. There are no statistically significant differences in the expression of uPA, between tissues taken from women with benign lesions. The lymphocytes taken from healthy volunteers show a level of expression of uPA significantly lower than the other tested samples Lymphocytes extracted from cancer patients express higher amounts of uPA compared to lymphocytes belonging to women with benign breast lesions. The expression of uPA was compared with the clinical and biological parameters commonly used in clinical practice for the definition of the prognosis. The only exception found, concerns those tumors characterized by the simultaneous negativity for estrogen receptors, progesterone and HER2 (state of triple negative), in which the expression of uPA is very high. Results and conclusions: Our data show that uPA expressed by leukocytes of each individual patient is the mirror image of the one expressed by malignant nodular uPA.Introduction: Our objectives is to show that the expression of uPA leukocyte could be considered, in the future, as a marker of the expression of uPA in the malignant tissue and therefore a potential indicator of prognosis. Methods: We examined the expression of uPa in leukocytes and tissues of three groups of women: with breast cancer; with benign breast lesion and healthy women (control group). We used RT Real Time PCR assay. The expression of urokinase is significantly higher in malignant breast lumps compared to benign lesions. However, in women with carcinoma of the breast, malignant tissue expresses higher amounts of uPA than the healthy counterpart. There are no statistically significant differences in the expression of uPA, between tissues taken from women with benign lesions. The lymphocytes taken from healthy volunteers show a level of expression of uPA significantly lower than the other tested samples Lymphocytes extracted from cancer patients express higher amounts of uPA compared to lymphocytes belonging to women with benign breast lesions. The expression of uPA was compared with the clinical and biological parameters commonly used in clinical practice for the definition of the prognosis. The only exception found, concerns those tumors characterized by the simultaneous negativity for estrogen receptors, progesterone and HER2 (state of triple negative), in which the expression of uPA is very high. Results and conclusions: Our data show that uPA expressed by leukocytes of each individual patient is the mirror image of the one expressed by malignant nodular uPA

The salivary microbiome for differentiating individuals: proof of principle.

Human identification has played a prominent role in forensic science for the past two decades. Identification based on unique genetic traits is driving the field. However, this may have limitations, for instance, for twins. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing techniques are now available and may provide a high amount of data likely useful in forensic science. This study investigates the potential for bacteria found in the salivary microbiome to be used to differentiate individuals. Two different targets (16S rRNA and rpoB) were chosen to maximise coverage of the salivary microbiome and when combined, they increase the power of differentiation (identification). Paired-end Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used to analyse the bacterial composition of saliva from two different people at four different time points (t = 0 and t = 28 days and then one year later at t = 0 and t = 28 days). Five major phyla dominate the samples: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. Streptococcus, a Firmicutes, is one of the most abundant aerobic genera found in saliva and targeting Streptococcus rpoB has enabled a deeper characterisation of the different streptococci species, which cannot be differentiated using 16S rRNA alone. We have observed that samples from the same person group together regardless of time of sampling. The results indicate that it is possible to distinguish two people using the bacterial microbiota present in their saliva

Pre-augmentation soft tissue expansion: An overview

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the development of soft tissue expanders, their different types and their potential applications prior to bone augmentation and implant placement. Material and Methods: A review of pertinent literature was performed using PubMed to comprehend the dynamics of soft tissue expanders and determine the current position of their pre-augmentation applications. Results: There is promising, albeit preliminary information regarding the benefits of pre-augmentation soft tissue expansion. Findings cannot be generalised due to relatively small sample size. Conclusions: Further clinical trials with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are needed before soft tissue expanders can be confidently applied in everyday clinical practice

Cytomolecular Classification of Thyroid Nodules Using Fine-Needle Washes Aspiration Biopsies

Fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNA) represent the gold standard to exclude the malignant nature of thyroid nodules. After cytomorphology, 20-30% of cases are deemed "indeterminate for malignancy" and undergo surgery. However, after thyroidectomy, 70-80% of these nodules are benign. The identification of tools for improving FNA's diagnostic performances is explored by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). A clinical study was conducted in order to build a classification model for the characterization of thyroid nodules on a large cohort of 240 samples, showing that MALDI-MSI can be effective in separating areas with benign/malignant cells. The model had optimal performances in the internal validation set (n = 70), with 100.0% (95% CI = 83.2-100.0%) sensitivity and 96.0% (95% CI = 86.3-99.5%) specificity. The external validation (n = 170) showed a specificity of 82.9% (95% CI = 74.3-89.5%) and a sensitivity of 43.1% (95% CI = 30.9-56.0%). The performance of the model was hampered in the presence of poor and/or noisy spectra. Consequently, restricting the evaluation to the subset of FNAs with adequate cellularity, sensitivity improved up to 76.5% (95% CI = 58.8-89.3). Results also suggest the putative role of MALDI-MSI in routine clinical triage, with a three levels diagnostic classification that accounts for an indeterminate gray zone of nodules requiring a strict follow-up

Human west nile virus lineage 2 infection: Epidemiological, clinical, and virological findings

West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 is expanding and causing large outbreaks in Europe. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological, clinical, and virological features of WNV lineage 2 infection during the large outbreak that occurred in northern Italy in 2018. The study population included 86 patients with neuroinvasive disease (WNND), 307 with fever (WNF), and 34 blood donors. Phylogenetic analysis of WNV full genome sequences from patients' samples showed that the virus belonged to the widespread central/southern European clade of WNV lineage 2 and was circulating in the area at least since 2014. The incidence of WNND and WNF progressively increased with age and was higher in males than in females. Among WNND patients, the case fatality rate was 22%. About 70% of blood donors reported symptoms during follow-up. Within the first week after symptom onset, WNV RNA was detectable in the blood or urine of 80% of patients, while 20% and 40% of WNND and WNF patients, respectively, were WNV IgM-seronegative. In CSF samples of WNND patients, WNV RNA was typically detectable when WNV IgM antibodies were absent. Blunted or no WNV IgM response and high WNV IgG levels were observed in seven patients with previous flavivirus immunity

Colonoscopic findings in coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet

Background: to date, there are few data on colonoscopic findings in patients with celiac disease, and most of these obtained in patients with iron deficiency anaemia. Aims: we assessed colonoscopic findings in unselected pa tients with coeliac disease, since there are no studies available also considering morphological aspects, and there is literature sugges tion of increased prevalence of colorectal tumours. Material and methods: colonoscopies with multiple biopsies were retrospectively analyzed in 42 coeliac disease patients on gluten-free diet above age 40; 16 had clinical or laboratory fea tures of iron deficiency anaemia. Mucosal biopsies were evaluated for the presence of intraepithelial lymphocytes and of mucosal eosinophils, in addition to conventional histologic assessment, and compared with those obtained in 15 controls. Results: macroscopic abnormalities (polyps, diverticula, in flammatory changes) were found in 26% of patients. Microscopic abnormalities (lymphocytic colitis, melanosis coli, rectal histiocyto sis) were found in 36% of patients. None of these findings was found in controls. Coeliac disease patients had significantly higher eosinophil score than controls in the right colon, whereas this was not significantly different between groups in the left colon. Conclusions: colonoscopic findings in coeliac disease on gluten-free diet may reveal significant findings, even in patients without iron deficiency anaemia. There is the need of further stud ies in larger cohorts of patients to establish whether colonoscopy in these patients may be clinically useful

CYTOCHROME P450 3A13 AND ENDOTHELIN JOINTLY MEDIATE DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS CONSTRICTION TO OXYGEN IN MICE

The fetal ductus arteriosus (DA) contracts to oxygen, and this feature, maturing through gestation, is considered important for its closure at birth. We have previously obtained evidence of the involvement of cytochrome P-450, possibly of the 3A subfamily (CYP3A), in oxygen sensing and have also identified endothelin (ET)-1 as the attendant effector for the contraction. Here, we examined comparatively wild-type (WT) and CYP3Anull (Cyp3a(-/-)) mice for direct validation of this concept. We found that the CYP3A subfamily is represented only by CYP3A13 in the WT DA. CYP3A13 was also detected in the DA by immunofluorescence microscopy, being primarily colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum in both endothelial and muscle cells. However, a distinct signal was also evident in the plasma membrane. Isolated DAs from term WT animals developed a sustained contraction to oxygen with transient contractions superimposed. Conversely, no tonic response occurred in Cyp3a(-/-) DAs, whereas the phasic response persisted unabated. Oxygen did not contract the preterm WT DA but caused a full-fledged contraction after retinoic acid (RA) treatment. RA also promoted an oxygen contraction in the Cyp3a(-/-) DA. However, responses of RA-treated WT and Cyp3a(-/-) mice differed in that only the former abated with ET-1 suppression. This implies the existence of an alternative target for RA responsible for the oxygen-induced contraction in the absence of CYP3A13. In vivo, the DA was constricted in WT and Cyp3a(-/-) newborns, although with a tendency to be less narrowed in the mutant. We conclude that oxygen acts primarily through the complex CYP3A13 (sensor)/ET-1 (effector) and, in an accessory way, directly onto ET-1. However, even in the absence of CYP3A13, the DA may close postnatally thanks to the contribution of ET-1 and the likely involvement of compensating mechanism(s) identifiable with an alternative oxygen-sensing system and/or the withdrawal of relaxing influence(s) operating prenatally

Targeting immune-related biological processes in solid tumors : we do need biomarkers

Immunotherapy has become the standard-of-care in many solid tumors. Despite the significant recent achievements in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, several issues related to patients' selection for immunotherapy remain unsolved. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that, in this setting, the vision of a single biomarker is somewhat na\uefve and imprecise, given that immunotherapy does not follow the rules that we have experienced in the past for targeted therapies. On the other hand, additional immune-related biomarkers that are reliable in real-life clinical practice remain to be identified. Recently, the immune-checkpoint blockade has been approved in the US irrespective of the tumor site of origin. Further histology-agnostic approvals, coupled with with tumor-specific companion diagnostics and guidelines, are expected in this field. In addition, immune-related biomarkers can also have a significant prognostic value. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of these biomarkers and their characterization in the management of lung cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urothelial cancers, and breast cancer