Paysages, dépaysements. La construction de mythes identitaires dans l’art canadien moderne et contemporain

Cet article s’intéresse aux rapports de l’art canadien, moderne et contemporain, à l’identité nationale. Il est un fait connu que les représentations picturales du paysage produites au Canada et au Québec entre 1910 et 1940 furent intimement liées aux nationalismes politiques. Palliant au traumatisme de la Première Guerre, les terres vierges dans la peinture du Groupe des sept furent associées à un nationalisme pancanadien, « viril » et salutaire. L’engouement pour la représentation de paysages ruraux chez les Québécois Clarence Gagnon, Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté et Marc-Aurèle Fortin firent plutôt écho au nationalisme d’un Lionel Groulx. À tort ou à raison, Paul-Émile Borduas incarna, quant à lui, les valeurs du nationalisme et de l’humanisme libéral qui caractérisèrent le Québec des années 1960. Aujourd’hui, le réfèrent identitaire national ne peut plus être considéré comme un réfèrent organisateur fort. Aussi, les performances de Rebecca Belmore et le travail de Lori Blondeau dénoncent l’eurocentrisme et les postulats phallocentriques que sous-tend l’histoire canadienne. Le déracinement, la dérive et l’exil traversent des pratiques diverses, celles de Christoper Pratt, de Rodney Graham, d’Isabelle Hayeur, de Camille Turner ou de Kinga Araya, entre autres. Ces entreprises de déconstruction n’ont pourtant pas mené à l’abandon d’une quête identitaire fondée sur l’appartenance à une communauté imaginée dans son rapport au « paysage ». Les images d’Isabelle Hayeur nient en même temps qu’elles l’éveillent le désir d’être en relation avec la nature. Et le travail récent d’Irène Whittome offre des images archétypes d’une communauté régionale dont l’identité collective se définit dans son rapport à la géologie du lieu.This article looks at the connections between modern and contemporary Canadian art and national identity. It is a known fact that, between 1910 and 1940, pictorial representations of landscapes produced in Canada and in Québec were intimately linked to politics of nationalism. Disguising the traumas of the First World War, virgin lands in the work of the Group of Seven were associated to a pan-Canadian nationalism—"virile" and salutary. For Québécois like Clarence Gagnon, Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté and Marc-Aurèle Fortin, infatuation with representations of rural landscapes rather echoed the nationalism of Lionel Groulx. And rightly or wrongly, Paul-Émile Borduas, for his part, incarnated the values of nationalism and liberal humanism that characterized Québec in the 1960s. Today, the national identity referent can no longer be considered as a strong organizing referent. Also, the performances of Rebecca Belmore and the work of Lori Blondeau denounce Eurocentrism and the phallocentric premises that underlie Canadian history. The uprooting, the drifting and the exile run through diverse practices—those of Christopher Pratt, Rodney Graham, Isabelle Hayeur, Camille Turner or Kinga Araya among others. Yet, these enterprises of deconstruction did not lead to an abandonment of the quest for identity-one founded on belonging to an imagined community in its relation to the "landscape." The images of Isabelle Hayeur both deny and awaken the desire for a connection with nature. And the recent work of Irène Whittome offers archetypal images of a regional community whose collective identity is defined in its relationship to the geology of place

Apport des données satellitaires Sentinel-1 et Sentinel-2 pour la détection des surfaces irriguées et l'estimation des besoins et des consommations en eau des cultures d'été dans les zones tempérées

L'eau est une ressource naturelle, qui depuis des millions d'années participe au cycle de la vie. Mais depuis peu, le changement climatique et les activités humaines remettent en cause l'équilibre du cycle de l'eau. Pour préserver cette ressource, il est nécessaire d'améliorer la connaissance sur les surfaces irriguées ainsi que les besoins et consommations en eau des cultures sur de grandes surfaces, mais elle n'est pas simple à appréhender à cause de la forte variabilité spatiale des sols, du climat et des pratiques agricoles. La télédétection a un rôle fondamental à jouer et plus particulièrement les données Sentinel. Ces travaux de thèse ont vocation à fournir des outils de diagnostics pour assurer une gestion optimale de la ressource en eau à l'échelle des bassins versants. Pour cela, une approche de cartographie des surfaces irriguées en zones tempérées à partir d'images Sentinel-1 & 2 a été développée. Elle a permis de cartographier les cultures d'été irriguées et pluviales sur les bassins versants Adour amont et Tarn aval en fin de saison. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation des besoins et des consommations en eau du maïs irrigué à partir du modèle agro-météorologique SAMIR utilisant des images d'indice de végétation (NDVI et FCover). Il a été appliqué à différentes échelles spatiales et sur différents jeux de données de validation. Les résultats montrent que le modèle est capable de reproduire de façon satisfaisante les consommations en eau des parcelles des partenaires. Nous avons également évalué l'impact de différentes données pédologiques pour estimer la réserve utile (RU). Les résultats illustrent la nécessité d'une bonne estimation de la RU et cela à une échelle compatible avec une modélisation à la parcelle pour pouvoir estimer correctement les irrigations saisonnières, ainsi que les volumes.Water is a natural resource that has been part of the life cycle for millions of years. But recently, climate change and human activities have challenged the balance of the water cycle. To preserve this resource, it is necessary to improve knowledge of irrigated areas and the water needs and consumption of crops over large areas, but this is not easy to understand because of the high spatial variability of soils, climate and cultivation practices. Remote sensing has a fundamental role to play and more particularly Sentinel data. The aim of this thesis is to provide diagnostic tools to ensure optimal management of water resources at the catchment scale. To this end, an approach for mapping irrigated areas in temperate zones based on monthly Sentinel-1 & 2 images was developed. It was used to map irrigated and rain-fed summer crops in the Adour amont and Tarn aval catchments during and at the end of the season. In parallel with these results, the method was developed for operational purposes. We focused on modelling the water requirements and consumption of irrigated maize using the SAMIR agro-meteorological model using vegetation index images (NDVI and FCover). It was applied at different spatial scales and on different validation data sets. The results show that the model is able to reproduce satisfactorily the water consumption of the partners plots. We also evaluated the impact of different soil data to estimate the maximum useful reserve. The results illustrate the need for a good estimation of the AWC at a scale compatible with plot modelling in order to be able to correctly estimate seasonal irrigations and volumes

L'élargissement de l'Otan : étude de cas de la Croatie (1991 à nos jours)

Ce mémoire porte sur l’élargissement de l’OTAN, à partir de l’étude du cas de la candidature de la Croatie. L’auteure y analyse comment l’élargissement de l’OTAN à la Croatie est représentatif de la transformation politico-idéologique de l’organisation et du nouveau rôle qu’elle s’attribue aujourd’hui au sein du système international post-Yalta. En centrant son étude sur un cas concret, l’auteure examine l’adéquation entre les grands principes de l’élargissement et leur application historique réelle, ce qui la porte à considérer la signification des conditionnalités politiques et militaires imposées à la Croatie pour son adhésion. En fin de compte, l’auteure évalue la candidature croate et démontre comment la perspective d’élargissement fait partie intégrante d’une stratégie de l’OTAN à l’égard des Balkans. Cette étude s’inscrit dans le domaine de l’histoire des relations internationales. L’approche développée et les choix méthodologiques adoptés sont inspirés des tenants de l’histoire immédiate et de la microhistoire.This master’s thesis focuses on NATO enlargement by a case study of Croatia candidature. The author examines how NATO’s enlargement to Croatia is representative of the organization transformation and of the new role taken currently in the post-Yalta system. Starting from this initial questioning, the author analyzes the historical meaning of this politico-ideological transformation of North Atlantic Alliance and by centering this study on a concrete case, she examines the adequacy between the great principles of enlargement and their real historical application. The author analyzes finally the significance of the political and military conditionalities imposed on Croatia for its adhesion. Ultimately, she evaluates its candidature and shows how this prospect for enlargement is an integral part of a NATO strategy for the Balkans. This research falls within the field of History of International Relations. Micro-History and Immediate History have inspired the methodological choices and historical approach developed here

Etude d’un procédé de décontamination du 14C par carboxy-gazéification des déchets de graphite nucléaire

The decommissioning of French gas cooled nuclear reactors (UNGG), all arrested since 1994, will generate 23,000 tons of graphite waste classified Low Level and Long Lived and notably containing 14C. The aim of this thesis is to study a new method for selective extraction of this radionuclide by CO2 gasification.The multiscale organization of virgin and irradiated graphite has been studied by a coupling between microspectrometry Raman and transmission electron microscopy. With the neutron fluence, the structure degrades and the nanostructure can be greatly changed. In extreme cases, the lamellar nanostructure nuclear graphite has become nanoporous. Furthermore, these damages are systematically heterogeneous. An orientation effect of "crystallites", shown experimentally by ion implantation, could be a cause of these heterogeneities.This study also showed that from a specific fluence, there is an important development of nanoporous zones coinciding with a dramatic 14C concentration increase. This radionuclide could be preferentially concentrated in the nanoporous areas which are potentially more reactive than the remaining laminar areas which could be less rich in 14CThis process by CO2 gasification was firstly tested on "analogous" non-radioactive materials (mechanically milled graphite). These tests confirmed, for temperatures between 950 and 1000 °C, the selective and complete elimination of nanoporous areas.Tests were then carried out on graphite waste from Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux A2 and G2 reactors. The results are promising with notably the quarter of 14C inventory extracted for a weight loss of only few percent. Up to 68 % of 14C inventory was extracted, but with an important gasification. Thus, this treatment could allow extracting selectively a share of 14C inventory (mobile or linked to nanoporous areas) and allows imagining alternative scenarios for graphite waste managing.Le démantèlement des réacteurs Uranium Naturel Graphite-Gaz (UNGG), tous arrêtés depuis 1994, génèrera 23 000 tonnes de déchets de graphite de Faible Activité et Vie Longue (FAVL), contenant notamment du 14C. Le but de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier un procédé original d’extraction sélective de ce radionucléide par carboxy-gazéification. L’organisation multi-échelle des graphites vierge et irradié a été étudiée par un couplage entre microspectrométrie Raman et microscopie électronique à transmission. Avec la fluence neutronique, la structure se dégrade et la nanostructure peut être fortement modifiée. Dans les cas extrêmes, la nanostructure lamellaire du graphite nucléaire est devenue nanoporeuse. En outre, ces dégâts sont systématiquement hétérogènes. Un effet d’orientation des « cristallites », mis en évidence expérimentalement par implantation ionique, pourrait être une cause de ces hétérogénéités. Cette étude a également montré qu’à partir d’une certaine fluence, l'apparition importante de zones nanoporeuses coïncide avec une augmentation spectaculaire de la concentration en 14C. Ce radionucléide pourrait donc être préférentiellement concentré dans ces zones nanoporeuses qui sont potentiellement plus réactives que les zones restées lamellaires et a priori moins riches en 14C.Ce procédé par carboxy-gazéification a d'abord été testé sur des matériaux « analogues » non radioactifs (graphites broyés mécaniquement). Ces essais ont confirmé, pour des températures entre 950 et 1000 °C, l’élimination sélective et complète des zones nanoporeuses. Des tests ont alors été réalisés sur des déchets de graphite provenant des réacteurs Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux A2 et G2. Les résultats sont prometteurs avec notamment un quart du 14C extrait pour seulement quelques pourcents de perte de masse. Jusqu’à 68 % du 14C a pu être extrait, mais au prix d’une gazéification plus importante. Ce traitement permettrait donc d’extraire sélectivement une part du 14C (mobile ou lié à des zones nanoporeuses) et d’imaginer des scénarios alternatifs de gestion de ces déchets de graphite

L'enseignement de l'écriture manuelle

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 201

Content analysis of targeted food and beverage advertisements in a Chinese-American neighbourhood

Abstract Objectives: The current descriptive study aimed to: (i) quantify the number and type of advertisements (ads) located in a Chinese-American neighbourhood in a large, urban city; and (ii) catalogue the targeted marketing themes used in the food/beverage ads. Design: Ten pairs of trained research assistants photographed all outdoor ads in a 0·6 mile2 (1·6km2) area where more than 60·0% of residents identify as Chinese American. We used content analysis to assess the marketing themes of ads, including references to: Asian cultures; health; various languages; children; food or beverage type (e.g. sugar-sweetened soda). Setting: Lower East Side, a neighbourhood located in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, USA. Subjects: Ads (n 1366) in the designated neighbourhood. Results: Food/beverage ads were the largest ad category (29·7%,n 407), followed by services (e.g. mobile phone services; 21·0%, n 288). Sixty-seven per cent (66·9%) of beverages featured were sugar-sweetened, and 50·8% of food ads promoted fast food. Fifty-five per cent (54·9%) of food/beverage ads targeted Asian Americans through language, ethnicity of person(s) in the ad or inclusion of culturally relevant images. Fifty per cent (50·2%) of ads were associated with local/small brands. Conclusions: Food/beverage marketing practices are known to promote unhealthy food and beverage products. Research shows that increased exposure leads to excessive short-term consumption among consumers and influences children’s food preferences and purchase requests. Given the frequency of racially targeted ads for unhealthy products in the current study and increasing rates of obesity-related diseases among Asian Americans, research and policies should address the implications of food and beverage ads on healt

Assesment of potential swelling of Pressurized Water Reactor internals The GONDOLE experiment in Osiris reactor

International audienc

“You [God] Gotta Go Through It With Me”: Black Women Navigating Spirituality During the Breast Cancer Journey

BackgroundBlack women generally report high levels of spirituality. Less is known about Black women's spiritual coping with a cancer diagnosis. Persisting health disparities between Black breast cancer survivors and other racial groups necessitate examining whether spirituality can be a contextual and personal resource for Black women with breast cancer.AimsThis qualitative study's goals were to: (1) characterize positive and negative dimensions of spirituality in a sample of Black women diagnosed with breast cancer; and (2) examine whether and how women used spirituality during their cancer experience.MethodsThree Gatherings (i.e., culturally curated focus groups) were conducted as part of Project SOAR (Speaking Our African American Realities), a community-academic partnership. In these all-Black women Gatherings, participants (N = 37) discussed their breast cancer experience, including how spirituality played a role.ResultsThrough reflexive thematic analysis, six themes were identified: (1) faith is central to my identity even through challenging times; (2) meaningful, ineffective, or non-existent support from my spiritual community; (3) grappling with spiritual discontent during breast cancer; (4) God is omnipotent; (5) spiritual anchors helped me persevere through the breast cancer journey; (6) breast cancer reflections enhanced my spiritual gratitude and growth.ConclusionsParticipants' experiences highlight the complexities of spirituality when confronting breast cancer. Many Black women reflected on the centrality of spirituality to their lives and cited spirituality as a resource and effective coping process during their cancer experience. Findings have important implications for understanding how spirituality can be incorporated to support Black women with breast cancer

Modeling actual water use under different irrigation regimes at district scale: Application to the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method

The modeling of irrigation in land surface models are generally based on two soil moisture parameters SMthreshold and SMtarget at which irrigation automatically starts and stops, respectively. Typically, both parameters are usually set to optimal values allowing to fill the soil water reservoir with just the estimated right amount and to avoid crop water excess at all times. The point is that agricultural practices greatly vary according to many factors (climatological, crop, soil, technical, human, etc.). To fill the gap, we propose a new calibration method of SMthreshold and SMtarget to represent the irrigation water use in any (optimal, deficit or even over) irrigation regime. The approach is tested using the dual-crop coefficient FAO-56 model implemented at the field scale over an 8100 ha irrigation district in northeastern Spain where the irrigation water use is precisely monitored at the district scale. Both irrigation parameters are first retrieved at monthly scale from the irrigation observations of year 2019. The irrigation simulated by the FAO-56 model is then evaluated against observations at district and weekly scale over 5 years (2017–2021) separately. The performance of the newly calibrated irrigation module is also assessed by comparing it against three other modules with varying configurations including default estimates for SMthreshold and SMtarget. The proposed irrigation module obtains systematically the best performance for each of the 5 years with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.95 ± 0.02 and root-mean square error of 0.27 ± 0.07 hm3/week (0.64 ± 0.17 mm/day). Unlike the three irrigation modules used as benchmark, the new irrigation module is able to reproduce the farmers’ practices throughout the year, and especially, to simulate the actual water use in the deficit and excess irrigation regimes occurring in the study area in spring and summer, respectively.This study was supported by the IDEWA project ( ANR-19-P026-003 ) of the Partnership for research and innovation in the Mediterranean area ( PRIMA ) program and by the Horizon 2020 ACCWA project (grant agreement # 823965 ) in the context of Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) program. The authors wish to acknowledge the "Comunitat de Regants Canal Algerri Balaguer" and the Ebro Hydrographic Confederation (SAIH Ebro) for providing the observation irrigation data used in this study

Respiratory onset in an ALS family with L144F SOD1mutation

International audienceFamilial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) cases linked to SOD1 mutations may sometimes present with unusual clinical features such as pure lower motor neuron involvement or sensory signs. We describe a FALS pedigree with the L144F SOD1 mutation in which all cases had respiratory involvement as a first symptom. Although atypical clinical features are not rare in ALS families, this is the first pedigree with respiratory-onset in three affected members. This unusual presentation led to delayed diagnosis in the proband and highlights the fact that respiratory-onset can occur in familial ALS cases carrying SOD1 mutation