Blazar nuclei in radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1?

It has been suggested that some radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 contain relativistic jets, on the basis of their flat-spectrum radio nuclei and studies on variability. We present preliminary results of an ongoing investigation of the X-ray and multiwavelength properties of 5 radio-loud NLS1 based on archival data from Swift and XMM-Newton. Some sources present interesting characteristics, very uncharacteristic for a radio-quiet narrow-line Seyfert 1, such as very hard X-ray spectra, and correlated optical and ultraviolet variability. However, none of the studied sources show conclusive evidence for relativistic jets. gamma-ray observations with Fermi are strongly recommended to definitely decide on the presence or not of relativistic jets.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures. Talk presented at the 37th COSPAR Assembly (Montreal, Canada, July 13-20, 2008), Session E17. Accepted for publication on Advances in Space Researc

Quasars and their host galaxies

This review attempts to describe developments in the fields of quasar and quasar host galaxies in the past five. In this time period, the Sloan and 2dF quasar surveys have added several tens of thousands of quasars, with Sloan quasars being found to z>6. Obscured, or partially obscured quasars have begun to be found in significant numbers. Black hole mass estimates for quasars, and our confidence in them, have improved significantly, allowing a start on relating quasar properties such as radio jet power to fundamental parameters of the quasar such as black hole mass and accretion rate. Quasar host galaxy studies have allowed us to find and characterize the host galaxies of quasars to z>2. Despite these developments, many questions remain unresolved, in particular the origin of the close relationship between black hole mass and galaxy bulge mass/velocity dispersion seen in local galaxies.Comment: Review article, to appear in Astrophysics Update

Physical Processes in Star Formation

© 2020 Springer-Verlag. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00693-8.Star formation is a complex multi-scale phenomenon that is of significant importance for astrophysics in general. Stars and star formation are key pillars in observational astronomy from local star forming regions in the Milky Way up to high-redshift galaxies. From a theoretical perspective, star formation and feedback processes (radiation, winds, and supernovae) play a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the physical processes at work, both individually and of their interactions. In this review we will give an overview of the main processes that are important for the understanding of star formation. We start with an observationally motivated view on star formation from a global perspective and outline the general paradigm of the life-cycle of molecular clouds, in which star formation is the key process to close the cycle. After that we focus on the thermal and chemical aspects in star forming regions, discuss turbulence and magnetic fields as well as gravitational forces. Finally, we review the most important stellar feedback mechanisms.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Age at symptom onset and death and disease duration in genetic frontotemporal dementia : an international retrospective cohort study

Background: Frontotemporal dementia is a heterogenous neurodegenerative disorder, with about a third of cases being genetic. Most of this genetic component is accounted for by mutations in GRN, MAPT, and C9orf72. In this study, we aimed to complement previous phenotypic studies by doing an international study of age at symptom onset, age at death, and disease duration in individuals with mutations in GRN, MAPT, and C9orf72. Methods: In this international, retrospective cohort study, we collected data on age at symptom onset, age at death, and disease duration for patients with pathogenic mutations in the GRN and MAPT genes and pathological expansions in the C9orf72 gene through the Frontotemporal Dementia Prevention Initiative and from published papers. We used mixed effects models to explore differences in age at onset, age at death, and disease duration between genetic groups and individual mutations. We also assessed correlations between the age at onset and at death of each individual and the age at onset and at death of their parents and the mean age at onset and at death of their family members. Lastly, we used mixed effects models to investigate the extent to which variability in age at onset and at death could be accounted for by family membership and the specific mutation carried. Findings: Data were available from 3403 individuals from 1492 families: 1433 with C9orf72 expansions (755 families), 1179 with GRN mutations (483 families, 130 different mutations), and 791 with MAPT mutations (254 families, 67 different mutations). Mean age at symptom onset and at death was 49\ub75 years (SD 10\ub70; onset) and 58\ub75 years (11\ub73; death) in the MAPT group, 58\ub72 years (9\ub78; onset) and 65\ub73 years (10\ub79; death) in the C9orf72 group, and 61\ub73 years (8\ub78; onset) and 68\ub78 years (9\ub77; death) in the GRN group. Mean disease duration was 6\ub74 years (SD 4\ub79) in the C9orf72 group, 7\ub71 years (3\ub79) in the GRN group, and 9\ub73 years (6\ub74) in the MAPT group. Individual age at onset and at death was significantly correlated with both parental age at onset and at death and with mean family age at onset and at death in all three groups, with a stronger correlation observed in the MAPT group (r=0\ub745 between individual and parental age at onset, r=0\ub763 between individual and mean family age at onset, r=0\ub758 between individual and parental age at death, and r=0\ub769 between individual and mean family age at death) than in either the C9orf72 group (r=0\ub732 individual and parental age at onset, r=0\ub736 individual and mean family age at onset, r=0\ub738 individual and parental age at death, and r=0\ub740 individual and mean family age at death) or the GRN group (r=0\ub722 individual and parental age at onset, r=0\ub718 individual and mean family age at onset, r=0\ub722 individual and parental age at death, and r=0\ub732 individual and mean family age at death). Modelling showed that the variability in age at onset and at death in the MAPT group was explained partly by the specific mutation (48%, 95% CI 35\u201362, for age at onset; 61%, 47\u201373, for age at death), and even more by family membership (66%, 56\u201375, for age at onset; 74%, 65\u201382, for age at death). In the GRN group, only 2% (0\u201310) of the variability of age at onset and 9% (3\u201321) of that of age of death was explained by the specific mutation, whereas 14% (9\u201322) of the variability of age at onset and 20% (12\u201330) of that of age at death was explained by family membership. In the C9orf72 group, family membership explained 17% (11\u201326) of the variability of age at onset and 19% (12\u201329) of that of age at death. Interpretation: Our study showed that age at symptom onset and at death of people with genetic frontotemporal dementia is influenced by genetic group and, particularly for MAPT mutations, by the specific mutation carried and by family membership. Although estimation of age at onset will be an important factor in future pre-symptomatic therapeutic trials for all three genetic groups, our study suggests that data from other members of the family will be particularly helpful only for individuals with MAPT mutations. Further work in identifying both genetic and environmental factors that modify phenotype in all groups will be important to improve such estimates. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health Research, and Alzheimer's Society

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

Dietary Reference Intakes: Application Of Tables In Nutritional Studies [dietary Reference Intakes: Aplicabilidade Das Tabelas Em Estudos Nutricionais]

Diet planning and food intake evaluation are professional activities classically performed by comparing mean values of ingestion against reference values of nutrient and energy intakes, for either groups or individuals. Without considering certain intrinsic limitations of the reference values, such task may render equivocal conclusions with regard to nutritional adequacy. The nutritional recommendations, prepared as a joint effort between the US Institute of Medicine and Health Canada published since 1997 and known as Dietary Reference Intakes, offer a new model by establishing indices of nutrient intake and refining the concept of risk associated with diet evaluation. Errors of both intra and interindividual nature, due to the variability of an individual's feeding pattern, the uneven distribution of requirements within a population, respectively, and the small number of days of observation, are factors that together can have a large impact on the confidence of the analysis. For these reasons, only the judicious selection of the reference values, published in the form of tables from 1997 through 2005, should enable the user to reach the proper assessment. This paper had the objective of highlighting various critical characteristics of application and compiling the values in order to facilitate their use by both professionals and students of the area.196741760Hegsted, D.M., Establishment of nutritional requirements in man. Bordens Rev (1959) Nutr Res, 20 (2), pp. 13-22(1997) Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press;Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Human energy requirements. Rome, 2004. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation Food and Nutrition Technical report series 1. [cited 2006 Mar 1]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/documents/show_.htmHauber, U., Neuhauser-Berthold, M., Historical development of dietary recommendations (1996) Z Ernährungswiss, 35 (2), pp. 157-162(1998) Dietary reference intakes: A risk assessment model for establishing upper intake levels for nutrients, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press;Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Rome2002. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation Bangkok(2003) Dietary reference intakes: Applications in dietary planning, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press;(2000) Dietary reference intakes: Applications in dietary assessment, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press;(2000) Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press;Nusser, S.M., Carriquiry, A.L., Dood, K.W., Fuller, W.A., A semiparametric transformation approach to estimating usual daily intake distribuitions (1996) J Am Stat Assoc, 91 (436), pp. 1440-1449(1998) Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press;(2002) Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press;Trumbo, P., Yates, A.A., Schlicker, S., Poos, M., Dietary reference intakes: Vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc (2001) J Am Diet Assoc, 101 (3), pp. 294-301Slater, B., Marchioni, D.L., Fisberg, R.M., Estimando a prevalência da ingestão inadequada de nutrientes (2004) Rev Saúde Pública, 38 (4), pp. 599-605Carriquiry, A.L., Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy (1999) Public Health Nutr, 2 (1), pp. 23-33(1986) Nutrient adequacy: Assessment using food consumption surveys, , National Research Council, Washington DC, National Academy Press;Amaya-Farfán, J., Domene, S.M.A., Padovani, R.M., DRIs, Síntese comentada das novas propostas sobre recomendações nutricionais para antioxidantes (2001) Rev Nutr, 14 (1), pp. 71-78Marchioni, D.M.L., Slater, B., Fisberg, R.M., Aplicação das dietary reference intakes na avaliação da ingestão de nutrientes para indivíduos (2004) Rev Nutr, 17 (2), pp. 207-216(2005) Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press;(2004) Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press;(2006) Dietary reference intakesthe essential guide to nutriente requirements, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, National Academy Press

Sampling Plan For The Brazilian Taco Poject

The TACO project (Brazilian Table of Food Composition), sponsored by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and executed by NEPA-UNICAMP (Center for Studies and Research on Foods-State University of Campinas), is generating new data on the most consumed foods in Brazil, based on a national sampling plan and analyses carried out by laboratories with demonstrated laboratory capability in nutrient analysis. Key foods have been chosen according to a national multicentric survey of food consumption, starting with 200 food items. The sampling plan covers nine cities in the five official Brazilian geopolitical regions (North, Northeast, South, Southeast and Centralwest), corresponding to approximately 16.8 million inhabitants out of a total Brazilian population of about 170 million. Samples of principal brands (maximum of five for each food) are collected from supermarkets/hypermarkets where 84-85% of total food purchases are made by the Brazilian population. Two units of each principal brand of each product are taken at each sampling site. The total units for each food from all regions are mixed and packed in cans, and three final composites of 100-200 g for each food are sent for analyses in approved laboratories. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.154499505Cohran, W.G., Sampling Techniques (1977), John Wiley & Sons, New YorkDomene, S.M.A., Lima, D.M., Padovani, R.M., Lajolo, F.M., Taddei, J.A.A.C., Galeazzi, M.A.M., TACO project-Brazilian food composition database (1999), Paper presented at the Third International Food Data Conference, RomeFranco, G.V.E., (1982) Nutrição: Texto Básico e Tabela de Composição Quimica dos Alimentos, , 6th edn. Atheneu, São PauloGaleazzi, M.A.M., Domene, S.M.A., Sichieri, R., Estudo multicêntrico sobre consumo alimentar (1997) Caderno de Debates, pp. 1-62. , (Eds.) special volumeGaleazzi, M.A.M., Domene, S.M.A., Zabotto, C., Inquérito de consumo alimentar familiar de Belém (1998), Relatório Ténico para o Centro Colaborador da Região Norte, Ministério da SaúdeGaleazzi, M.A.M., Falconi, P.J., (1998), Inquérito de consumo alimentar familiar (INCAF) de Brasília. Relatório Técnico para Secretaria de Saúde do DF(1977), IBGE. Estudo Nacional de Despesa Familiar-ENDEF: Tabela de Composição de Alimentos. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Rio de Janeiro(2000), http://www.ibge.gov.br, IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved June 3, 2002 from the World Wide Web: Censo DemográficoPehrsson, P.R., Haytowitz, D.B., Holden, J.M., Perry, C.R., Beckler, D.G., USDA's national food and nutrient analysis program: Food sampling (2000) J. Food Comp. Anal, 13, pp. 379-389Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., Colugnati, F.A.B., Padovani, R.M., Lima, D.M., Galeazzi, M.A.M., Evaluation of the laboratory capability in Brazil (2001), Paper presented at the Fourth International Food Data Base Conference, BratislavaSouza, R.A.M., de Silva, R.O.P., Mandelli, C.S., Tasco, A.M.P., Comercialização hortícola: Análise de alguns setores do Mercado varejista de São Paulo (1998) Inform. Econ, 28, pp. 7-23(2001) Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos, , http://www.fcf.usp.br/tabe, USP. Universidade de São Paulo. Retrieved on June 4, 2002 from the World Wide We

Effects Of Polyethylene Film Wrap On Cooler Shrink And The Microbial Status Of Beef Carcasses

The present study evaluated the use of polyethylene film wrapping of beef half carcasses and its effects on cooler shrink, cooling characteristics and microbial status of the half carcasses. Film wrapping reduced cooler shrink by 55.2%, 43.1%, 36.0% and 30% after 24, 48, 72 and 96. h of cooling, respectively, compared to the unwrapped half carcasses, whereas the surface water activity showed no significant differences among the time periods. The wrapped half carcasses had a lower cooling rate and higher surface and internal temperatures. The highest values of the aerobic mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae were found in the half carcasses wrapped in film. No significant differences were found in the values of Escherichia coli. The polyethylene film was effective in reducing cooler shrink; however, it caused a delay in cooling, thereby enabling greater microbial occurrences and counts and impairing the hygienic and sanitary conditions of the carcasses, which may be an impediment to the practical application of this technology.100164170(2012), 19th ed., AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 990.12(2012), 19th ed., AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 2003.11(2012), 19th ed., AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 2003.01(2012), 19th ed., AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 998.08AQIS Notice Meat 2007/12 (2007) ESAM (E. coli-Salmonella) TVC sampling of carcasses in EU listed establishmentsAQIS Notice Meat 2003/06 (2003) Revised ESAM programArgudín, M.A., Mendoza, M.C., Rodicio, M.R., Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (2010) Toxins, 2, pp. 1751-1773Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. Portaria n° 5, de 8 de novembro de 1988 (1988) Aprova o novo Sistema Nacional de Tipificação de Carcaças Bovinas, , Brasil Diário Oficial [da] União, Brasília, DF, BrasilBrasil. Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. Portaria n° 612, de 5 de outubro de 1989 (1989) Aprova a Padronização dos Cortes de Carne Bovina, , Brasil Diário Oficial [da] União, Brasília, DF, BrasilBrasil. Ministério da Saúde. Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (2001) RDC n° 12, de 2 de jan. de 2001. Aprova o regulamento técnico sobre padrões microbiológicos para alimentos, , Brasil Diário Oficial [da] União, Brasília, DF, BrasilMinistério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (2010) Regulation of industrial and sanitary inspection of animal products, , Brasil (Brasília, DF, Brasil)Buncic, S., Nychas, G., Lee, M.R.F., Koutsoumanis, K., Hébraud, M., Desvaux, M., Chorianopoulos, N., Antic, D., Microbial pathogen control in the beef chain: Recent research advances (2014) Meat Science, 97, pp. 375-383Crowley, K.M., Prendergast, D.M., Sheridan, J.J., McDowell, D.A., Survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens on beef carcass surface in a commercial abattoir (2010) Meat Science, 85, pp. 550-554Duffy, G., Burgess, C.M., Bolton, D.J., A review of factors that effect transmission and survival of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the European farm to fork beef chain (2014) Meat Science, 97, pp. 375-383European Food Safety Authority. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2011 (2013) EFSA Journal, 11 (4), p. 3129. , (250pp.)European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (bovine animals) (2013) EFSA Journal, 11 (6), p. 3266. , (261pp.)Commission Regulation (EC) 1441 of 05 Dez. 2007. Amending Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs (2007) Official Journal of the European Union, 1322, pp. 12-29Fernández, A.M., Vieira, C., Effect of chilling applied to suckling lamb carcasses on hygienic, physicochemical and sensory meat quality (2012) Meat Science, 92, pp. 569-574Ferraz, J.B.S., Felicio, P.E., Production systems - An example from Brazil (2010) Meat Science, 84 (2), pp. 238-243Fisher, A.V., Bayntun, J.A., Weight loss from beef sides during storage post mortem and its effects on carcass composition (1983) Meat Science, 9 (2), pp. 121-129Gill, C.O., Bryant, J., Landers, C., Identification of critical control points for control of microbiological contamination in processes leading to the production of ground beef at a packing plant (2003) Food Microbiology, 20 (6), pp. 641-650Gill, C.O., Landers, C., Effects of spray-cooling processes on the microbiological conditions of decontaminated beef carcasses (2003) Journal of Food Protection, 66 (7), pp. 1247-1252Goodman, L.A., Simultaneous confidence interval for contrasts among multinomial populations (1964) Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 35 (2), pp. 716-725Goodman, L.A., On simultaneous confidence intervals for multinomial proportions (1965) Technometrics, 7 (2), pp. 247-254Greig, J.D., Waddell, L., Wilhelm, B., Wilkins, W., Bucher, O., Parker, S., Rajić, A., The efficacy of interventions applied during primary processing on contamination of beef carcasses with Escherichia coli: A systematic review-meta-analysis of the published research (2012) Food Control, 27 (2), pp. 385-397Huber, H., Ziegler, D., Pflüger, V., Vogel, G., Zweifel, C., Stephan, R., Prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from livestock, chicken carcasses, bulk tank milk, minced meat, and contact persons (2011) BMC Veterinary Research, 7 (1), p. 6International Organization for Standardization. ISO 17604:2003 (2003) Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Carcass sampling for microbiological analysisKinsella, K.J., Sheridan, J.J., Rowe, T.A., Butler, F., Delgado, A., Quispe-Ramirez, A., Blair, I.S., McDowell, D.A., Impact of a novel spray-chilling system on surface microflora, water activity and weight loss during beef carcass chilling (2006) Food Microbiology, 23, pp. 483-490Lage, J.F., Paulino, P.V.R., Pereira, L.G.R., Duarte, M.S., Oliveira, A.S., Souza, N.K.P., Lima, J.C.M., Carcass characteristics of feedlot lambs fed crude glycerin contaminated with high concentrations of crude fat (2014) Meat Science, 96 (1), pp. 108-113Lage, J.F., Paulino, P.V.R., Souza, E.J.O., Duarte, M.S., Benedeti, P.D.B., Souza, N.K.P., Cox, R.B., Influence of genetic type and level of concentrate in the finishing diet on carcass and meat quality traits in beef heifers (2012) Meat Science, 90 (3), pp. 770-774Lawrie, R.A., Ledward, D.A., (2006) Lawrie's meat science, , Woodhead Publishing Limited & New York: CRC Press LLC, CambridgeLazarus, C.R., West, R.L., Oblinger, J.L., Palmer, A.Z., Evaluation of a calcium alginate coating and a protective plastic wrapping for the control of lamb carcass shrinkage (1976) Journal of Food Science, 41 (3), pp. 639-641Miguel, G.Z., Faria, M.H., Roça, R.O., Santos, C.T., Suman, S.P., Faitarone, A.B.G., Delbem, N.L.C., Savian, T.V., Immunocastration improves carcass traits and beef color attributes in Nellore and Nellore X Aberdeen Angus crossbred animals finished in feedlot (2014) Meat Science, 96, pp. 884-891Milios, K.T., Drosinos, E.H., Zoiopoulos, P.E., Food Safety Management System validation and verification in meat industry: Carcass sampling methods for microbiological hygiene criteria - A review (2014) Food Control, 43, pp. 74-81Prado, C.S., Felicio, P.E., Effects of chilling rate and spray-chilling on weight loss and tenderness in beef strip loin steaks (2010) Meat Science, 86, pp. 430-435Rea, R.H., Smith, G.C., Carpenter, Z.L., Hoke, K.E., Protective packaging materials for fresh beef shipments (1972) Journal of Food Science, 37 (5), pp. 739-742Savell, J.W., Mueller, S.L., Baird, B.E., The chilling of carcasses (2005) Meat Science, 70, pp. 449-459Smith, G.C., Carpenter, Z.L., Post mortem shrinkage of lamb carcasses (1973) Journal of Animal Science, 36 (5), pp. 862-867Smith, G.C., Varnadore, W.L., Carpenter, Z.L., Calhoun, M.C., Postmortem treatment effects on lamb shrinkage, bacterial counts and palatability (1976) Journal of Animal Science, 42 (5), pp. 1167-1174Sofos, J.N., Kochevar, S.L., Reagan, J.O., Smith, G.C., Extent of beef carcass contamination with Escherichia coli and probabilities of passing US regulatory criteria (1999) Journal of Food Protection, 62 (3), pp. 234-238Tittor, A.W., Tittor, M.G., Brashears, M.M., Brooks, J.C., Garmyn, A.J., Miller, M.F., Effects of simulated dry and wet chilling and aging of beef fat and lean tissues on the reduction of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella (2011) Journal of Food Protection, 74 (2), pp. 289-293United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Foreign Agricultural Service. Office of Global Analysis (2014) Livestock and poultry: world markets and trade, , AprilUnited States of America. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Food Safety and Inspection Service. Pathogen ReductionHazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systemsfinal rule (1996) Federal register, 61, pp. 38805-38989Wiklund, E., Kemp, R.M., leRoux, G.J., Li, Y., Wu, G., Spray chilling of deer carcasses - Effects on carcass weight, meat moisture content, purge and microbiological quality (2010) Meat Science, 86 (4), pp. 926-930Zar, J.H., (2009) Biostatistical analysis, , Prentice-Hall, New JerseyZhou, G.H., Xu, X.L., Liu, Y., Preservation technologies for fresh meat - A review (2010) Meat Science, 86 (1), pp. 119-128Zweifel, C., Capek, M., Stephan, R., Microbiological contamination of cattle carcasses at different stages of slaughter in two abattoirs (2014) Meat Science, 98, pp. 198-20

[(11)C]-MP4A PET cholinergic measurements in amnestic mild cognitive impairment, probable Alzheimer's disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies: a Bayesian method and voxel-based analysis

Non-invasive approaches for positron emission tomography (PET) parametric imaging of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity have been developed and applied to the investigation of dementia, mainly Alzheimer's disease (AD), but also dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), not including, however, patients in the early disease stage. The few cholinergic PET studies on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) did not provide clinical follow-up. One limitation of the methods used so far is the relatively low sensitivity in measuring subcortical or deep cortical structures, which might represent specific disease markers. Here we assessed AChE activity with [11C]-MP4A and PET by a maximum a posteriori Bayesian method (MAPB) based on a 2-tissue compartment-3-rate-constant reference region model. 30 subjects were included: 10 multi-domain amnestic MCI (aMCI) with a follow up of 2 years, 7 probable AD (pAD), 4 DLB subjects, and 9 healthy controls. Regions of interest and voxel-based statistical parametric mapping analyses revealed significant and widespread AChE reductions in several cortical regions and in the hippocampus in all pAD subjects and aMCI subjects who progressed to AD (converters). Noteworthy, hippocampal AChE activity correlated significantly with long-term verbal and non-verbal memory in both aMCI converters and pAD. The pattern was more heterogeneous in early DLB patients, with only 2 out of 4 cases showing a severe or intermediate reduction of AChE activity. The comparable AChE reductions in pAD and aMCI converters indicate the presence of a widespread impairment of the cholinergic system already in the MCI phase. A more variable degree of cholinergic dysfunction is present in early DLB