Do minimum wages affect employment? Evidence from the manufacturing sector in Indonesia

This paper investigates the impact of minimum wages on employment and wages in Indonesian manufacturing firms between 1993 and 2006. It shows that within firms, the employment effects of minimum wage hikes is negative. It finds significant, negative employment effects of minimum wages among small firms and for non-production, less-educated and female workers. The paper also finds that minimum wages are more correlated with small firms' average wages than large firms', suggesting that minimum wages are more binding in small firms

Implicaciones psicosociales de la migración venezolana en Colombia

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo describir el proceso migratorio a Colombia de venezolanos de distintas características sociodemográficas y las implicaciones psicosociales asociadas a éste. Se implementó un método cualitativo narrativo con una muestra de 9 personas provenientes de Venezuela en un rango de edad entre los 18 y 49 años y que llevaban entre 7 meses y más de 5 años viviendo en Colombia. Dichos participantes fueron contactados mediante una estrategia de bola de nieve y se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados muestran que los participantes tuvieron experiencias disímiles en las distintas etapas del proceso migratorio teniendo en cuenta el motivo de la migración y que su integración y aculturación varía en función de éste, las redes de apoyo y el tiempo de residencia en Colombia. No obstante, todos sufrieron algún tipo de malestar subjetivo asociado a sentimientos de soledad y nostalgia.The objective of this research was to describe the migratory process to Colombia of Venezuelans of different sociodemographic characteristics and the associated psychosocial implications. We implemented a qualitative method and the narrative technique with a sample of 9 people from Venezuela in an age range between 18 and 49 who have been living in Colombia between 7 months and more than five years. These participants were contacted through a snowball strategy and a semi-structured interview was applied. The results show that the participants have as a result the process of migration and the integration and development of the activity in the function of this, the support networks and the residence time in Colombia. However, all suffered some kind of subjective discomfort associated with feelings of loneliness and nostalgia.Psicólogo (a)Pregrad

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Municipios de Bogotá y Bucaramanga

En la revisión de las lecturas propuestas para realización de este documento y como herramienta de discernimiento en el abordaje de los diferentes contextos desde el enfoque narrativo, se realiza el análisis de sucesos “psicosociales traumáticos” desde la perspectiva de la narración y el relato. En donde precisamente en los contenidos narrativos de estas historias se rescata e identifican las voces de la subjetividad entre víctima y sobreviviente como procesos y patrones claros del sufrimiento, los cuales son observados como percepciones de su propia experiencia y cosmovisión, de donde surgen detalles circunstanciales en cada episodio narrado, dejando huellas claras que permiten ser seguidas por el psicólogo o facilitador como herramienta clave para encontrar un camino que permita crear espacios de comunicación y reconciliación para la reconstrucción del tejido social. Como recurso inicial para llevar a cabo este ejercicio de análisis se propone trabajar sobre el relato 1: “Modesto Pacayá”, por ser una historia de gran contenido humano que toca la realidad actual de nuestro país, en donde los campesinos se ven afectados por los efectos colaterales de la violencia sociopolítica vivida por más de 50 años. Convirtiéndolos en víctimas de una situación ajena a ellos, que nos les pertenece, que ellos no generaron y sin embargo deben agregarse a combatir por ideales que no son propios perdiendo absolutamente todo en sus vidas. Seguidamente se analiza el relato de “Peñas Coloradas” que expone la historia de campesinos que se dedicaron toda su vida a trabajar la agricultura convencional de su territorio y como se ven envueltos por las circunstancias que ha traído consigo la situación del narcotráfico y la producción de coca, sumando situaciones de gran necesidad y abandono por parte del estado, son inducidos por la industria cocalera de la región a tener que cultivar coca, no solo como beneficio económico sino como una imposición de los grupos armados dedicados a su producción, como resultado los campesino son estigmatizados por el estado impidiendo el desarrollo de su calidad de vida con otras oportunidades, más que la violencia del ejército en la erradicación de estos cultivos ilícitos. Este ejercicio de análisis permite identificar situaciones y proponer alternativas de solución al sufrimiento vivido en experiencias de violencia extrema y sociopolítica en Colombia.In the review of the readings proposed for the realization of this document and as a tool for discernment in the approach of the different contexts from the narrative approach, the analysis of “traumatic psychosocial” events is carried out from the perspective of the narrative and the story. Where precisely in the narrative contents of these stories the voices of subjectivity between victim and survivor are rescued and identified as processes and clear patterns of suffering, which are observed as perceptions of their own experience and worldview, from which circumstantial details arise in each episode narrated, leaving clear traces that allow the psychologist or facilitator to follow them as a key tool to find a way to create spaces for communication and reconciliation for the reconstruction of the social fabric. As an initial resource to carry out this analysis exercise, it is proposed to work on story 1: "Modesto Pacayá", as it is a story of great human content that touches the current reality of our country, where peasants are affected by the collateral effects of sociopolitical violence experienced for more than 50 years. Making them victims of a situation alien to them, that belongs to us, that they did not generate and yet they must join in fighting for ideals that are not their own, losing absolutely everything in their lives. Next, the story of "Peñas Coloradas" is analyzed, which exposes the history of peasants who dedicated their entire lives to working in conventional agriculture in their territory and how they are involved by the circumstances that the situation of drug trafficking and the production of Coca, adding situations of great need and abandonment by the state, are induced by the coca industry of the region to have to cultivate coca, not only as an economic benefit but as an imposition of the armed groups dedicated to its production, as a result of which peasant farmers are stigmatized by the state, preventing the development of their quality of life with other opportunities, more than the violence of the army in the eradication of these illicit crops. This analysis exercise allows us to identify situations and propose alternative solutions to the suffering experienced in experiences of extreme and socio-political violence in Colombia

ABORDAJE FISIOTERAPÉUTICO EN USUARIO DE LA CLÍNICA DE LA POLICÍA REGIONAL CARIBE CON PARÁLISIS DE LOS NERVIOS FACIAL Y MOTOR OCULAR. REPORTE DE CASO

Introducción: La parálisis facial es un trastorno neuromuscular relativamente frecuente generado por la lesión de las vías centrales o periféricas del nervio facial como consecuencia de una lesión, se presenta con asimetría, disfunción  y disminución en el desempeño de los músculos de la expresión facial. A nivel mundial se estima una incidencia anual de 23/100.000 habitantes afectando a ambos géneros por igual entre los 10 y los 45 años. Resumen del caso: El objetivo de este artículo es la presentación del caso clínico de un paciente que presentó este trastorno por secuela de fractura ósea del occipital y del peñasco a causa de traumatismo craneoencefálico, con un periodo de evolución de 9 meses. Discusión: Se justifica la importancia y pertinencia de las modalidades cinéticas en la recuperación de la funcionalidad del paciente con este tipo de trastorno. Conclusiones: La parálisis facial genera un impacto funcional y psicológico importante para la persona que la padece, por tanto la intervención fisioterapéutica debe enfocarse desde la rehabilitación integral tanto funcional como de integración social

Characterizing Long COVID in Children and Adolescents

ImportanceMost research to understand postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID, has focused on adults, with less known about this complex condition in children. Research is needed to characterize pediatric PASC to enable studies of underlying mechanisms that will guide future treatment.ObjectiveTo identify the most common prolonged symptoms experienced by children (aged 6 to 17 years) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, how these symptoms differ by age (school-age [6-11 years] vs adolescents [12-17 years]), how they cluster into distinct phenotypes, and what symptoms in combination could be used as an empirically derived index to assist researchers to study the likely presence of PASC.Design, setting, and participantsMulticenter longitudinal observational cohort study with participants recruited from more than 60 US health care and community settings between March 2022 and December 2023, including school-age children and adolescents with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection history.ExposureSARS-CoV-2 infection.Main outcomes and measuresPASC and 89 prolonged symptoms across 9 symptom domains.ResultsA total of 898 school-age children (751 with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection [referred to as infected] and 147 without [referred to as uninfected]; mean age, 8.6 years; 49% female; 11% were Black or African American, 34% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 60% were White) and 4469 adolescents (3109 infected and 1360 uninfected; mean age, 14.8 years; 48% female; 13% were Black or African American, 21% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 73% were White) were included. Median time between first infection and symptom survey was 506 days for school-age children and 556 days for adolescents. In models adjusted for sex and race and ethnicity, 14 symptoms in both school-age children and adolescents were more common in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection history compared with those without infection history, with 4 additional symptoms in school-age children only and 3 in adolescents only. These symptoms affected almost every organ system. Combinations of symptoms most associated with infection history were identified to form a PASC research index for each age group; these indices correlated with poorer overall health and quality of life. The index emphasizes neurocognitive, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in school-age children but change or loss in smell or taste, pain, and fatigue/malaise-related symptoms in adolescents. Clustering analyses identified 4 PASC symptom phenotypes in school-age children and 3 in adolescents.Conclusions and relevanceThis study developed research indices for characterizing PASC in children and adolescents. Symptom patterns were similar but distinguishable between the 2 groups, highlighting the importance of characterizing PASC separately for these age ranges

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Estudio de los compuestos bioactivos responsables del sabor del tomate de árbol Var. amarilla (Solanum betaceum Cav.)

El tomate de árbol hace parte importante del mercado de las frutas tropicales colombianas. Además esta fruta presenta un perfil nutricional interesante que la enmarca dentro los alimentos funcionales, sin embargo su sabor amargo y umami impide que su consumo local aumente. En este trabajo se aisló y caracterizó por métodos espectroscópicos el ácido rosmarínico como uno de los compuestos responsables del sabor amargo residual de esta fruta. El aislamiento del compuesto se realizó a partir del extracto polar de la fruta liofilizada, realizando particiones sucesivas líquido-líquido con solventes de diferente polaridad. La fracción obtenida con acetato de etilo fue sometida a fraccionamiento por cromatografía de exclusión por tamaño, el cual fue bioguiado por análisis sensoriales de sabor. Utilizando el método de estándar externo se cuantificó el ácido rosmarínico, encontrando que su concentración era de 46.17 ± 1.20 mg/100 g de la fruta seca y por primera vez se determinó su valor de umbral de sabor amargo como 37.00 ± 1.25 mg/L por el método de escogencia forzada (3AFC). Adicionalmente, en la fracción acuosa se identificó el ácido cítrico como uno de los responsables del sabor ácido de la fruta y se detectó la presencia de sustancias que contribuían al sabor umami de esta fruta. También se confirmó que la fracción que contenía el ácido rosmarínico así como la fracción acuosa del tomate de árbol amarillo exhibían actividad antihipertensiva in vitro, al inhibir la enzima ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme).The tree tomato is one of the most important in tropical fruits Colombian market. Furthermore, this fruit has a very interesting nutritional value that allow to consider as functional food. Nevertheless, its bitter and umami taste has hindered the increase of local consumption. In this work the rosmarinic acid was isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods, as one of the compounds responsible for the residual bitter taste in this fruit. The compound was isolated from the polar extract of freeze-dried fruit, and liquid-liquid sequentially partitioned with solvents of different polarity. The ethyl acetate fraction was submitted to size exclusion chromatography, and this fractionation was bioguided by taste sensory analyses. The rosmarinic acid was quantified by the external standard method achieved an amount of 46.17 ± 1.20 mg /100 g of dried fruit and its bitter taste threshold value was determined by first time using the 3AFC (ascending forced choice) method as 37.00 ± 1.25 mg/L. Additionally, in the aqueous fraction the citric acid was identified as one of the compounds responsible for the acid taste of this fruit, and some compounds exhibiting umami taste were also detected. Also, it was confirmed that the fraction containing rosmarinic acid as well as the aqueous fraction from yellow tree tomato exhibit in vitro antihypertensive activity because the inhibition of ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme).Maestrí