Facteurs psychosociaux et nutritionnels des troubles cognitifs en Afrique Centrale

With the aging of the world population, prevalence of non-communicable diseases including dementia is increasing. While epidemiological studies on cognitive impairments have been mainly conducted in high-income countries, a few have been carried out in low-and middle-income countries, including African countries, not exempt from this phenomenon. The EPIDEMCA program, Epidemiology of Dementia in Central Africa, is aimed at contributing to a better understanding of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in rural and urban areas in two countries of Central Africa: the Central African Republic (CAR) and the Republic of Congo (ROC). This PhD thesis, which is part of this program, focuses on the relationship between cognitive disorders (Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and dementia) and psychosocial factors (stressful life events and dependent personality disorder) on the one hand, and nutritional factors (undernutrition and dietary consumption) on the other.The EPIDEMCA program is a cross-sectional multicenter population-based epidemiological study carried out among people aged 65 years and over in rural and urban areas of CAR and ROC between 2011 and 2012 using a two-phase design. DSM-IV and Petersen criteria were required for a diagnosis of dementia and MCI, respectively. Among 2002 subjects who agreed to participate in the study, cognitive status and reliable age were available for 1772 people: 1519 were free of cognitive impairment, 118 suffered from had MCI and 135 from had dementia. As regards the psychosocial factors, our first study showed that MCI was positively associated with the total number of events experienced throughout a life span in Congo only, and, with the total number of events from the age of 65 onwards and with a child’s severe physical disease after the age of 65 in the total sample. On the contrary, dementia was associated with neither the accumulation of stressful life events nor individual events. Results of our second study showed that MCI was associated with the dependent personality disorder in Congo and CAR, while dementia was associated with this disorder in Congo only. Regarding nutritional factors, our third study showed a significant association between dementia (but not MCI) and the three markers of undernutrition used (BMI inferior to 18.5 kg/m2, mid-upper arm circumference inferior to 24 cm and arm muscle circumference (AMC) below the 5th percentile of a reference population) in CAR. In Congo, MCI was associated with only the AMC<5th percentile while dementia with none of markers. Our fourth study found that cognitive disorders were associated with light alcohol intake and a low consumption of oilseeds in rural areas only. In Congo, cognitive disorders were associated with neither food groups nor alcohol consumption. This PhD thesis has contributed to improve the knowledge available on the epidemiology of cognitive disorders in Central Africa. Nevertheless, our results are solely exploratory and require to be confirmed by further studies, prerequisites for relevant and targeted interventions with a view to reduce the risk.Le vieillissement de la population mondiale s’accompagne de l’augmentation de la prévalence d’un certain nombre de maladies chroniques incluant la démence. Si les études épidémiologiques sur les troubles cognitifs ont été et sont encore majoritairement menées dans les pays occidentaux, peu d’entre elles sont conduites dans les pays à faible et moyen revenus, comme les pays africains, qui ne sont pourtant pas épargnés par le phénomène. Le programme EPIDEMCA, Épidémiologie des Démences en Afrique Centrale, a pour objectif principal de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la démence et particulièrement de la maladie d’Alzheimer en zones rurale et urbaine de deux pays d’Afrique Centrale : la République Centrafricaine (RCA) et la République du Congo (Congo). Mon travail de thèse, s’inscrivant dans le cadre de ce programme, a pour objectif général de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des troubles cognitifs (Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) et démence) par l’étude du lien entre les troubles cognitifs et les facteurs psychosociaux (événement de vie stressants et trouble de la personnalité dépendante) d’une part, et nutritionnels (dénutrition et consommation alimentaire) d’autre part. Le programme EPIDEMCA est une enquête épidémiologique transversale multicentrique en population générale âgée de 65 ans et plus menée en deux phases dans une zone rurale et une zone urbaine de RCA et du Congo entre 2011 et 2012. Les diagnostics de démence et de MCI étaient posés respectivement selon les critères du DSM-IV et de Petersen. Sur 2 002 sujets ayant accepté de participer à l’enquête, le statut cognitif et l’âge étaient disponibles pour 1 772 dont 1519 étaient indemnes de troubles cognitifs, 118 étaient atteints de MCI et 135 de démence. Concernant les facteurs psychosociaux, les résultats de notre première étude ont montré que le MCI était positivement associé au nombre total d’événements vécus sur la vie entière uniquement au Congo alors qu’il l’était au nombre total d’événements survenus à partir de l’âge de 65 ans et à une maladie physique grave chez un enfant après l’âge de 65 ans dans l’échantillon total. En revanche, la démence n’était associée ni à l’accumulation d’événements de vie, ni aux événements pris séparément. Les résultats de notre deuxième étude ont montré que le MCI était associé au trouble de la personnalité dépendante au Congo comme en RCA, alors que la démence ne l’était seulement au Congo.Du côté nutritionnel, notre troisième étude a montré une association significative entre la démence (mais pas le MCI) et les trois indicateurs de dénutrition utilisés (IMC inférieur à 18,5 kg/m2, périmètre brachial inférieur à 24 cm et circonférence musculaire brachiale (CMB) inférieure au 5ème percentile d’une population de référence) en RCA. Au Congo, le MCI était associé seulement à la CMB inférieure au 5ème percentile alors que la démence ne l’était à aucun indicateur. Notre quatrième étude a, quant à elle, trouvé qu’en RCA, les troubles cognitifs étaient associés à une consommation modérée d’alcool dans l’échantillon total ainsi qu’à une faible consommation d’oléagineux en zone rurale. Au Congo, en revanche, ils n’étaient associés à aucun groupe d’aliments ni même à la consommation d’alcool. Les travaux de cette thèse ont permis de contribuer à l’amélioration des connaissances sur l’épidémiologie des troubles cognitifs en Afrique centrale. Il n’en demeure pas moins que nos résultats ne sont qu’exploratoires et devront être confirmés par des études ultérieures, nécessaires préalables à la planification d’actions pertinentes et ciblées susceptibles de réduire le risque

Immortal-time bias in older vs younger age groups: a simulation study with application to a population-based cohort of patients with colon cancer

BACKGROUND: In observational studies, the risk of immortal-time bias (ITB) increases with the likelihood of early death, itself increasing with age. We investigated how age impacts the magnitude of ITB when estimating the effect of surgery on 1-year overall survival (OS) in patients with Stage IV colon cancer aged 50–74 and 75–84 in England. METHODS: Using simulations, we compared estimates from a time-fixed exposure model to three statistical methods addressing ITB: time-varying exposure, delayed entry and landmark methods. We then estimated the effect of surgery on OS using a population-based cohort of patients from the CORECT-R resource and conducted the analysis using the emulated target trial framework. RESULTS: In simulations, the magnitude of ITB was larger among older patients when their probability of early death increased or treatment was delayed. The bias was corrected using the methods addressing ITB. When applied to CORECT-R data, these methods yielded a smaller effect of surgery than the time-fixed exposure approach but effects were similar in both age groups. CONCLUSION: ITB must be addressed in all longitudinal studies, particularly, when investigating the effect of exposure on an outcome in different groups of people (e.g., age groups) with different distributions of exposure and outcomes

0579: Particularities of the epidemiology of hypertension in the elderly in Central Africa: the EPIDEMCA study

BackgroundThe epidemiology of hypertension in the elderly is rarely reported in Africa and little is known about its specificities.ObjectiveTo study the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in older people in Central Africa.MethodsIndividuals aged 65 years old and over living in two urban and two rural areas of the Republic of Congo (ROC) and the Central African Republic (CAR) were invited to participate into a comprehensive cross-sectional study assessing cognitive impairments and cardiovascular diseases. Demographic, clinical and biological data were collected. Hypertension was defined in case of self-reported on-going treatment and/or when averaged systolic blood pressure at rest was≥140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure was≥90mmHg.ResultsAmong 1990 participants (mean age=73 years; 62% females), the overall prevalence of hypertension was 61.1% (95% CI: 58.9-63.2), higher in ROC than in CAR (68.0% vs 53.7%, respectively; p<0.001) and higher in urban than in rural areas (64.7% vs 57.4%, respectively; p=0.001). Among hypertensive participants, 53.3% were unaware of their condition and only 17.3% received anti-hypertensive drug therapy. In multivariate analysis, increasing age and BMI, living in the ROC, the main lifetime occupation, presence of depressive symptoms and the number of meals per day remained significantly associated with an increased likelihood of hypertension. In contrast, smoking status, physical activity and an increasing number of stressful lifetime events were associated with a reduced likelihood for prevalent hypertension.ConclusionHypertension is highly prevalent in elderly people of Central Africa, and presents some particularities in relation to specific conditions in this region

Age disparities in lung cancer survival in New Zealand: The role of patient and clinical factors.

OBJECTIVE: Age is an important prognostic factor for lung cancer. However, no studies have investigated the age difference in lung cancer survival per se. We, therefore, described the role of patient-related and clinical factors on the age pattern in lung cancer excess mortality hazard by stage at diagnosis in New Zealand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We extracted 22 487 new lung cancer cases aged 50-99 (median age = 71, 47.1 % females) diagnosed between 1 January 2006 and 31 July 2017 from the New Zealand population-based cancer registry and followed up to December 2019. We modelled the effect of age at diagnosis, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, comorbidity, and emergency presentation on the excess mortality hazard by stage at diagnosis, and we derived corresponding lung cancer net survival. RESULTS: The age difference in net survival was particularly marked for localised and regional lung cancers, with a sharp decline in survival from the age of 70. No identified factors influenced age disparities in patients with localised cancer. However, for other stages, females had a greater difference in survival between middle-age and older-age than males. Comorbidity and emergency presentation played a minor role. Ethnicity and deprivation did not influence age disparities in lung cancer survival. CONCLUSION: Sex and stage at diagnosis were the most important factors of age disparities in lung cancer survival in New Zealand

The impact of timely cancer diagnosis on age disparities in colon cancer survival

Objective We described the role of patient-related and clinical factors on age disparities in colon cancer survival among patients aged 50-99 using New Zealand population-based cancer registry data linked to hospitalisation data. Method We included 21,270 new colon cancer cases diagnosed between 1 January 2006 and 31 July 2017, followed up to end 2019. We modelled the effect of age at diagnosis, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, comorbidity, and emergency presentation on colon cancer survival by stage at diagnosis using flexible excess hazard regression models. Results The excess mortality in older patients was minimal for localised cancers, maximal during the first six months for regional cancers, the first eighteen months for distant cancers, and over the three years for missing stages. The age pattern of the excess mortality hazard varied according to sex for distant cancers, emergency presentation for regional and distant cancers, and comorbidity for cancer with missing stages. Ethnicity and deprivation did not influence age disparities in colon cancer survival. Conclusion Factors reflecting timeliness of cancer diagnosis most affected age-related disparities in colon cancer survival, probably by impacting treatment strategy. Because of the high risk of poor outcomes related to treatment in older patients, efforts made to improve earlier diagnosis in older patients are likely to help reduce age disparities in colon cancer survival in New Zealand

Causal and associational language in observational health research: a systematic evaluation

We estimated the degree to which language used in the high profile medical/public health/epidemiology literature implied causality using language linking exposures to outcomes and action recommendations; examined disconnects between language and recommendations; identified the most common linking phrases; and estimated how strongly linking phrases imply causality. We searched and screened for 1,170 articles from 18 high-profile journals (65 per journal) published from 2010-2019. Based on written framing and systematic guidance, three reviewers rated the degree of causality implied in abstracts and full text for exposure/outcome linking language and action recommendations. Reviewers rated the causal implication of exposure/outcome linking language as None (no causal implication) in 13.8%, Weak 34.2%, Moderate 33.2%, and Strong 18.7% of abstracts. The implied causality of action recommendations was higher than the implied causality of linking sentences for 44.5% or commensurate for 40.3% of articles. The most common linking word in abstracts was “associate” (45.7%). Reviewer’s ratings of linking word roots were highly heterogeneous; over half of reviewers rated “association” as having at least some causal implication. This research undercuts the assumption that avoiding “causal” words leads to clarity of interpretation in medical research

Psychosocial and nutritional factors of cognitive disorders in Central Africa

Le vieillissement de la population mondiale s’accompagne de l’augmentation de la prévalence d’un certain nombre de maladies chroniques incluant la démence. Si les études épidémiologiques sur les troubles cognitifs ont été et sont encore majoritairement menées dans les pays occidentaux, peu d’entre elles sont conduites dans les pays à faible et moyen revenus, comme les pays africains, qui ne sont pourtant pas épargnés par le phénomène. Le programme EPIDEMCA, Épidémiologie des Démences en Afrique Centrale, a pour objectif principal de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la démence et particulièrement de la maladie d’Alzheimer en zones rurale et urbaine de deux pays d’Afrique Centrale : la République Centrafricaine (RCA) et la République du Congo (Congo). Mon travail de thèse, s’inscrivant dans le cadre de ce programme, a pour objectif général de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des troubles cognitifs (Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) et démence) par l’étude du lien entre les troubles cognitifs et les facteurs psychosociaux (événement de vie stressants et trouble de la personnalité dépendante) d’une part, et nutritionnels (dénutrition et consommation alimentaire) d’autre part. Le programme EPIDEMCA est une enquête épidémiologique transversale multicentrique en population générale âgée de 65 ans et plus menée en deux phases dans une zone rurale et une zone urbaine de RCA et du Congo entre 2011 et 2012. Les diagnostics de démence et de MCI étaient posés respectivement selon les critères du DSM-IV et de Petersen. Sur 2 002 sujets ayant accepté de participer à l’enquête, le statut cognitif et l’âge étaient disponibles pour 1 772 dont 1519 étaient indemnes de troubles cognitifs, 118 étaient atteints de MCI et 135 de démence. Concernant les facteurs psychosociaux, les résultats de notre première étude ont montré que le MCI était positivement associé au nombre total d’événements vécus sur la vie entière uniquement au Congo alors qu’il l’était au nombre total d’événements survenus à partir de l’âge de 65 ans et à une maladie physique grave chez un enfant après l’âge de 65 ans dans l’échantillon total. En revanche, la démence n’était associée ni à l’accumulation d’événements de vie, ni aux événements pris séparément. Les résultats de notre deuxième étude ont montré que le MCI était associé au trouble de la personnalité dépendante au Congo comme en RCA, alors que la démence ne l’était seulement au Congo.Du côté nutritionnel, notre troisième étude a montré une association significative entre la démence (mais pas le MCI) et les trois indicateurs de dénutrition utilisés (IMC inférieur à 18,5 kg/m2, périmètre brachial inférieur à 24 cm et circonférence musculaire brachiale (CMB) inférieure au 5ème percentile d’une population de référence) en RCA. Au Congo, le MCI était associé seulement à la CMB inférieure au 5ème percentile alors que la démence ne l’était à aucun indicateur. Notre quatrième étude a, quant à elle, trouvé qu’en RCA, les troubles cognitifs étaient associés à une consommation modérée d’alcool dans l’échantillon total ainsi qu’à une faible consommation d’oléagineux en zone rurale. Au Congo, en revanche, ils n’étaient associés à aucun groupe d’aliments ni même à la consommation d’alcool. Les travaux de cette thèse ont permis de contribuer à l’amélioration des connaissances sur l’épidémiologie des troubles cognitifs en Afrique centrale. Il n’en demeure pas moins que nos résultats ne sont qu’exploratoires et devront être confirmés par des études ultérieures, nécessaires préalables à la planification d’actions pertinentes et ciblées susceptibles de réduire le risque.With the aging of the world population, prevalence of non-communicable diseases including dementia is increasing. While epidemiological studies on cognitive impairments have been mainly conducted in high-income countries, a few have been carried out in low-and middle-income countries, including African countries, not exempt from this phenomenon. The EPIDEMCA program, Epidemiology of Dementia in Central Africa, is aimed at contributing to a better understanding of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in rural and urban areas in two countries of Central Africa: the Central African Republic (CAR) and the Republic of Congo (ROC). This PhD thesis, which is part of this program, focuses on the relationship between cognitive disorders (Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and dementia) and psychosocial factors (stressful life events and dependent personality disorder) on the one hand, and nutritional factors (undernutrition and dietary consumption) on the other.The EPIDEMCA program is a cross-sectional multicenter population-based epidemiological study carried out among people aged 65 years and over in rural and urban areas of CAR and ROC between 2011 and 2012 using a two-phase design. DSM-IV and Petersen criteria were required for a diagnosis of dementia and MCI, respectively. Among 2002 subjects who agreed to participate in the study, cognitive status and reliable age were available for 1772 people: 1519 were free of cognitive impairment, 118 suffered from had MCI and 135 from had dementia. As regards the psychosocial factors, our first study showed that MCI was positively associated with the total number of events experienced throughout a life span in Congo only, and, with the total number of events from the age of 65 onwards and with a child’s severe physical disease after the age of 65 in the total sample. On the contrary, dementia was associated with neither the accumulation of stressful life events nor individual events. Results of our second study showed that MCI was associated with the dependent personality disorder in Congo and CAR, while dementia was associated with this disorder in Congo only. Regarding nutritional factors, our third study showed a significant association between dementia (but not MCI) and the three markers of undernutrition used (BMI inferior to 18.5 kg/m2, mid-upper arm circumference inferior to 24 cm and arm muscle circumference (AMC) below the 5th percentile of a reference population) in CAR. In Congo, MCI was associated with only the AMC<5th percentile while dementia with none of markers. Our fourth study found that cognitive disorders were associated with light alcohol intake and a low consumption of oilseeds in rural areas only. In Congo, cognitive disorders were associated with neither food groups nor alcohol consumption. This PhD thesis has contributed to improve the knowledge available on the epidemiology of cognitive disorders in Central Africa. Nevertheless, our results are solely exploratory and require to be confirmed by further studies, prerequisites for relevant and targeted interventions with a view to reduce the risk

BurdenLMICs_Supplemental material.docx

Supplementary Table including cancer incidence in adults aged 60 years and older in each LMICs country attached to the following paper: https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2023.1594. </p