127 research outputs found
Water training needs assessment of Kijichi Beach Community
The KIBEDEA Community Based Organization is located at Kijichi Beach in Temeke Municipal. It was initiated by a group of 25 members, who had gathered for celebrating the New Year 1997. The idea of forming the CBO came about due to hardship that affected the community. The hardships include; water shortage, poor roads, lack of schools, health facilities, etc. Registration process was completed in August 1997. Through voluntary cooperation of community members and international NGO, they have managed to rehabilitate a primary school, roads and acquire two water schemes among other successes. The two deep tube well water scheme, which should be sufficient for solving water problem in the area are not providing water regularly. The problem was said to occur due to recurrent pump failure and lack of technical skills among the community members.
Training was suggested in order in order to impart skills and capacity building for community water scheme sustainability.
The training needs assessment was carried out as a ground work for training to be conducted later.
The water training needs assessment project involved the following activities: () Community familiarization whereby several visits were done to the community before deciding the survey design (ii) conducting survey and (iii) literature review in order to establish valid data from which training will be based From data collection and analysis it was found that, the community had hardly attended training regarding water scheme management and other community issues despite the potential and willingness to be trained. Training needs for KIBEDEA includes; importance of water and sanitation, water scheme sustainability through community and private involvement in management and financing the scheme, gender equity and policy matters. (Author abstract)Herman, P. P. R. (2005). Water training needs assessment of Kijichi Beach Community. Retrieved from http://academicarchive.snhu.eduMaster of Science (M.S.)School of Community Economic Developmen
Effects of Pair Creation on Charged Gravitational Collapse
We investigate the effects of pair creation on the internal geometry of a
black hole, which forms during the gravitational collapse of a charged massless
scalar field. Classically, strong central Schwarzschild-like singularity forms,
and a null, weak, mass-inflation singularity arises along the Cauchy horizon,
in such a collapse. We consider here the discharge, due to pair creation, below
the event horizon and its influence on the {\it dynamical formation} of the
Cauchy horizon. Within the framework of a simple model we are able to trace
numerically the collapse. We find that a part of the Cauchy horizon is replaced
by the strong space-like central singularity. This fraction depends on the
value of the critical electric field, , for the pair creation.Comment: LaTex, 27 pages, including 14 figures. Some points are clarified,
typos corrected. Version accepted for publication in Phys.Rev.
Interior Structure of a Charged Spinning Black Hole in -Dimensions
The phenomenon of mass inflation is shown to occur for a rotating black hole.
We demonstrate this feature in dimensions by extending the charged
spinning BTZ black hole to Vaidya form. We find that the mass function diverges
in a manner quantitatively similar to its static counterparts in ,
and dimensions.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures (appended as postscript files), WATPHYS-TH94/0
Domain Wall Spacetimes: Instability of Cosmological Event and Cauchy Horizons
The stability of cosmological event and Cauchy horizons of spacetimes
associated with plane symmetric domain walls are studied. It is found that both
horizons are not stable against perturbations of null fluids and massless
scalar fields; they are turned into curvature singularities. These
singularities are light-like and strong in the sense that both the tidal forces
and distortions acting on test particles become unbounded when theses
singularities are approached.Comment: Latex, 3 figures not included in the text but available upon reques
Attribution of global foodborne disease to specific foods: Findings from a World Health Organization structured expert elicitation
Background
Recently the World Health Organization, Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG) estimated that 31 foodborne diseases (FBDs) resulted in over 600 million illnesses and 420,000 deaths worldwide in 2010. Knowing the relative role importance of different foods as exposure routes for key hazards is critical to preventing illness. This study reports the findings of a structured expert elicitation providing globally comparable food source attribution estimates for 11 major FBDs in each of 14 world subregions.
Methods and findings
We used Cooke’s Classical Model to elicit and aggregate judgments of 73 international experts. Judgments were elicited from each expert individually and aggregated using both equal and performance weights. Performance weighted results are reported as they increased the informativeness of estimates, while retaining accuracy. We report measures of central tendency and uncertainty bounds on food source attribution estimate.
For some pathogens we see relatively consistent food source attribution estimates across subregions of the world; for others there is substantial regional variation. For example, for non-typhoidal salmonellosis, pork was of minor importance compared to eggs and poultry meat in the American and African subregions, whereas in the European and Western Pacific subregions the importance of these three food sources were quite similar. Our regional results broadly agree with estimates from earlier European and North American food source attribution research. As in prior food source attribution research, we find relatively wide uncertainty bounds around our median estimates.
Conclusions
We present the first worldwide estimates of the proportion of specific foodborne diseases attributable to specific food exposure routes. While we find substantial uncertainty around central tendency estimates, we believe these estimates provide the best currently available basis on which to link FBDs and specific foods in many parts of the world, providing guidance for policy actions to control FBDs.This study was commissioned and paid for by the World Health Organization (WHO). Aspinall & Associates and Gibb Epidemiology Consulting LLC provided support in the form of salaries for authors [WA, HJG], but did not have
any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of
these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ sectio
Orbital Observations of Dust Lofted by Daytime Convective Turbulence
Over the past several decades, orbital observations of lofted dust have revealed the importance of mineral aerosols as a climate forcing mechanism on both Earth and Mars. Increasingly detailed and diverse data sets have provided an ever-improving understanding of dust sources, transport pathways, and sinks on both planets, but the role of dust in modulating atmospheric processes is complex and not always well understood. We present a review of orbital observations of entrained dust on Earth and Mars, particularly that produced by the dust-laden structures produced by daytime convective turbulence called “dust devils”. On Earth, dust devils are thought to contribute only a small fraction of the atmospheric dust budget; accordingly, there are not yet any published accounts of their occurrence from orbit. In contrast, dust devils on Mars are thought to account for several tens of percent of the planet’s atmospheric dust budget; the literature regarding martian dust devils is quite rich. Because terrestrial dust devils may temporarily contribute significantly to local dust loading and lowered air quality, we suggest that martian dust devil studies may inform future studies of convectively-lofted dust on Earth
Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries
Background
Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres.
Methods
This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries.
Results
In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia.
Conclusion
This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries
- …