Los jesuitas y la «Lengua de Angola» en Perú, (siglo XVII)

International audienceLlegados con los primeros conquistadores, los esclavos negros adquieren rápidamente importancia en la economía peruana, no sólo en las grandes ciudades y haciendas costeras, sino también en los valles andinos (l). Su número creciente no deja de inquie tar a los responsables civiles y religiosos (2). ¿Cómo insertarlos en la sociedad colonial a interés de todos, españoles e indios? La instrucción religiosa fue considerada el mejor de los medios de integración: los dos primeros concilios limeños legislan sobre ello (3). En realidad, el clero secular y los maestros descuidaron frecuentemente sus deberes en la materia. Esto lo constataron los jesuitas a su llegada a Perú en 1568 (4), y decidieron consagrar parte de sus esfuerzos al adoctrinamiento de estas gentes aban donadas por todos. Luis López fue el iniciador del apartado de los negros de Lima. Perteneciente a la segunda generación de jesuitas peruanos, el padre Diego de Torres Bollo actúa en favor de los esclavos en Cartagena de Indias y en Córdoba de Tucumán. En Cartagena, encontró al padre Alonso de Sandoval, autor de De instauranda Aethiopum salute, severo análisis de la situación de los esclavos en las Indias occidentales y propuesta metódica de una pedagogía de evangelización (1627). De acuerdo con el padre general Mudo Vitelleschi, Grabiel Perlin será la clavija maestra de la pastoral de los esclavos durante el segundo cuarto del siglo XVII

Dextran sulfate enhances the level of an oxidative DNA damage biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, in rat colonic mucosa.

International audienceDextran sodium sulfate (DSS) given in drinking water can induce colonic inflammation and produce colorectal tumors in rodents, although it is not directly genotoxic. The hypothesis that DSS can produce free radicals and induce oxidative DNA damage in colonic mucosa has been tested. In rats fed for 2 days with water containing 3% and 6% DSS, colonic inflammation manifestations were recorded and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), a major biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, was assayed in colonic mucosa. As compared with control rats given pure water, inflammatory manifestations were seen in rats given DSS. At the same time, 8-oxodGuo levels in colonic mucosa were doubled (P < 0.001). These results suggest that formation of oxidative DNA damage in colonic mucosa depends on inflammation and maybe on the production of reactive oxygen species. This study shows that DSS can induce oxidative DNA damage within only 2 days, which could explain in part its carcinogenic properties

Role of disclinations in determining the morphology of deformable fluid interfaces

We study the equilibrium shapes of vesicles, with an in-plane nematic order, using a Monte-Carlo scheme and show that highly curved shapes, like tubes and discs, with a striking similarity to the structures engendered by certain curvature sensing peripheral membrane proteins, can be spontaneously generated by anisotropic directional curvature with nematic disclinations playing and important role. We show that the coupling between nematic order and local curvature could lead to like defects moving towards each other and unlike defects moving away, in turn leading to tube formation. Thermally induced defect pair production lead to branched tubular structures. It is also shown that helical arrangement of the membrane tubes, with nematic field spiraling around it, is a dominant soft mode of the system.Comment: 6 Figures; Soft Matter, Advance Article 201

Rewriting Logic Semantics of a Plan Execution Language

The Plan Execution Interchange Language (PLEXIL) is a synchronous language developed by NASA to support autonomous spacecraft operations. In this paper, we propose a rewriting logic semantics of PLEXIL in Maude, a high-performance logical engine. The rewriting logic semantics is by itself a formal interpreter of the language and can be used as a semantic benchmark for the implementation of PLEXIL executives. The implementation in Maude has the additional benefit of making available to PLEXIL designers and developers all the formal analysis and verification tools provided by Maude. The formalization of the PLEXIL semantics in rewriting logic poses an interesting challenge due to the synchronous nature of the language and the prioritized rules defining its semantics. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a general procedure for simulating synchronous set relations in rewriting logic that is sound and, for deterministic relations, complete. We also report on two issues at the design level of the original PLEXIL semantics that were identified with the help of the executable specification in Maude

Calibrating and validating the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) urban cooling model: case studies in France and the United States

Understanding the cooling service provided by vegetation in cities is important to inform urban policy and planning. However, the performance of decision-support tools estimating heat mitigation for urban greening strategies has not been evaluated systematically. Here, we further develop a calibration algorithm and evaluate the performance of the urban cooling model developed within the open-source InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) software. The urban cooling model estimates air temperature reduction due to vegetation based on four predictors, shade, evapotranspiration, albedo, and building density, and was designed for data-rich and data-scarce situations. We apply the calibration algorithm and evaluate the model in two case studies (Paris, France, and Minneapolis–St Paul, USA) by examining the spatial correlation between InVEST predictions and reference temperature data at a 1 km horizontal resolution. In both case studies, model performance was high for nighttime air temperatures, which are an important indicator of human wellbeing. After calibration, we found medium performance for surface temperatures during daytime but low performance for daytime air temperatures in both case studies, which may be due to model and data limitations. We illustrate the model adequacy for urban planning by testing its ability to simulate a green infrastructure scenario in the Paris case study. The predicted air temperature change compared well to that of an alternative physics-based model (r2=0.55 and r2=0.85 for daytime and nighttime air temperatures, respectively). Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges for the use of such parsimonious decision-support tools, highlighting their importance to mainstream ecosystem services information for urban planning.</p

Estados Unidos. Mapas generales (1797). 1:3472219

Indica meridianos de origen: Isla del Hierro y París ; Márgenes graduados.Escala gráfica además en 'Milles Statues de 69 1/2 au Degré', etc.Indica relieve representado mediante signos morfográficos

Europa. Mapas generales (1797). 1:13227500

Indica meridianos de origen: Isla del Hierro y París ; Márgenes graduados.Escala gráfica además en 'Milles de Suéde de 10 1/2 au Dégré', etc.Indica relieve representado mediante signos morfográfico

Mundo. Geografía histórica. 1797. 1:31298873

Indica meridianos de origen: Isla del Hierro y París ; Márgenes graduados.Escala gráfica además en 'Lieues Francoises de 25 au Dégré', etc.Indica relieve indicado mediante simbolos morfográficos

ESTADOS UNIDOS. E. Mapas generales (1797). 1:2923973

Indica meridianos de origen: Isla del Hierro y París ; Márgenes graduados.Escala gráfica además en 'Milles d'Usage d'Anglaterre de 50 au Degré', etc.Indica relieve representado mediante signos morfográficos

A geospatial model of nature-based recreation for urban planning: case study of Paris, France

Environmental Biolog