Efeitos do Exercício Físico e da Terapia Estrogênica Sobre a Reatividade Vascular de Aorta de Ratas Espontaneamente Hipertensas Ovariectomizadas: Papel do Sistema Renina-angiotensina

As doenças cardiovasculares representam as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo, inclusive em mulheres no período pós-menopausa. Com a diminuição na produção dos estrógenos, observa-se o aparecimento e a elevação de vários fatores que podem aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento dessas doenças. Dentre esses fatores, o aumento da atividade ou up regulation do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina (SRA) tem se destacado como um importante mediador na fisiopatologia de várias doenças, tal qual, a hipertensão. Apesar de vários estudos experimentais relatarem efeitos benéficos da reposição hormonal com estrogênio, especificamente 17β-estradiol (E2), sobre a redução do risco cardiovascular, os resultados de estudos clínicos são inconclusivos. Desta forma, modificações no estilo de vida se fazem necessárias, como a incorporação da prática regular de exercícios físicos. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado que o exercício físico pode influenciar positivamente sobre os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular, inclusive em mulheres na pós-menopausa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento físico crônico de natação e da terapia estrogênica sobre a reatividade vascular de aorta de ratas espontaneamente hipertensas (SHR) ovariectomizadas com foco na modulação efetuada pelo SRA. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com ratas SHR Sham e ovariectomizadas, as quais foram divididas aleatoriamente em cinco grupos: SHAM (S), ovariectomizadas (OVX), ovariectomizadas+TE2 (OE2), ovariectomizadas+natação (ON) e ovariectomizadas TE2+N (OE2+N). A reposição com E2 foi realizada por meio de injeções s.c. contendo 5 µg de 17β-estradiol três vezes por semana. O protocolo de treinamento de natação foi realizado por sessenta minutos diários, de forma continua, cinco vezes por semana. Tanto a terapia quanto o treinamento tiveram duração de oito semanas. Quarenta e oito horas após a última sessão de treinamento e/ou tratamento, as ratas tiveram a Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) aferida e após sacrificadas, o sangue foi coletado para dosagem de angiotensina II (Ang II). Para o estudo funcional de reatividade de aorta, avaliou-se a resposta vasoconstritora à angiotensina II e vasodilatadora à Ang-(1-7), ainda efetuando bloqueios farmacológicos para elucidar o mecanismo de ação. A avaliação da expressão das proteínas do SRA em aorta foi realizada por Western Blotting. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que, o grupo ON e OE2+N apresentaram aumento nos níveis plasmáticos de Ang II, que não foi acompanhado por aumento na PAS. A ovariectomia causou um aumento da resposta vasoconstritora a Ang II e diminuição da vasodilatação de Ang-(1-7), que foi prevenida pelo exercício físico ou pela sua associação com a TE2. Além disso, o abrandamento da resposta vasoconstritora a Ang II, assim como o aumento da vasodilatação a Ang-(1-7) parece ter ocorrido por um mecanismo envolvendo o receptor AT2 e Mas, que tiveram sua expressão aumentada no grupo ON e OE2+N. No grupo ON a eficiência funcional destes receptores foi auxiliada pelo aumento na capacidade anti-oxidante, efetuada pela superóxido dismutase. Pôde-se concluir que tanto o treinamento físico quanto a reposição com E2 exercem efeitos cardioprotetores, e a prática regular do exercício físico pode ser uma excelente alternativa à terapia estrogênica em mulheres na pós-menopausa, haja vista que a associação da TE2 ao exercício não promoveu efeitos somatórios

Classical Stability of the Galileon

We consider the classical equations of motion for a single Galileon field with generic parameters in the presence of non-relativistic sources. We introduce the concept of absolute stability of a theory: if one can show that a field at a single point---like infinity for instance---in spacetime is stable, then stability of the field over the rest of spacetime is guaranteed for any positive energy source configuration. The Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) model is stable in this manner, and previous studies of spherically symmetric solutions suggest that certain classes of the single field Galileon (of which the DGP model is a subclass) may have this property as well. We find, however, that when general solutions are considered this is not the case. In fact, when considering generic solutions there are no choices of free parameters in the Galileon theory that will lead to absolute stability except the DGP choice. Our analysis indicates that the DGP model is an exceptional choice among the large class of possible single field Galileon theories. This implies that if general solutions (non-spherically symmetric) exist they may be unstable. Given astrophysical motivation for the Galileon, further investigation into these unstable solutions may prove fruitful.Comment: 23 pages, 3 figure

The quantum mechanics of perfect fluids

We consider the canonical quantization of an ordinary fluid. The resulting long-distance effective field theory is derivatively coupled, and therefore strongly coupled in the UV. The system however exhibits a number of peculiarities, associated with the vortex degrees of freedom. On the one hand, these have formally a vanishing strong-coupling energy scale, thus suggesting that the effective theory's regime of validity is vanishingly narrow. On the other hand, we prove an analog of Coleman's theorem, whereby the semiclassical vacuum has no quantum counterpart, thus suggesting that the vortex premature strong-coupling phenomenon stems from a bad identification of the ground state and of the perturbative degrees of freedom. Finally, vortices break the usual connection between short distances and high energies, thus potentially impairing the unitarity of the effective theory.Comment: 35 page

Galilean symmetry in the effective theory of inflation: new shapes of non-Gaussianity

We study the consequences of imposing an approximate Galilean symmetry on the Effective Theory of Inflation, the theory of small perturbations around the inflationary background. This approach allows us to study the effect of operators with two derivatives on each field, which can be the leading interactions due to non-renormalization properties of the Galilean Lagrangian. In this case cubic non-Gaussianities are given by three independent operators, containing up to six derivatives, two with a shape close to equilateral and one peaking on flattened isosceles triangles. The four-point function is larger than in models with small speed of sound and potentially observable with the Planck satellite.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures. v2: minor changes to match JCAP published versio

Supersymmetric sound in fluids

We consider the hydrodynamics of supersymmetric fluids. Supersymmetry is broken spontaneously and the low energy spectrum includes a fermionic massless mode, the $\mathit{phonino}$. We use two complementary approaches to describe the system: First, we construct a generating functional from which we derive the equations of motion of the fluid and of the phonino propagating through the fluid. We write the form of the leading corrections in the derivative expansion, and show that the so called diffusion terms in the supercurrent are in fact not dissipative. Second, we use an effective field theory approach which utilizes a non-linear realization of supersymmetry to analyze the interactions between phoninos and phonons, and demonstrate the conservation of entropy in ideal fluids. We comment on possible phenomenological consequences for gravitino physics in the early universe.Comment: Modified introduction and discussion of diffusion terms in the supercurren

Generalizing Galileons

The Galileons are a set of terms within four-dimensional effective field theories, obeying symmetries that can be derived from the dynamics of a 3+1-dimensional flat brane embedded in a 5-dimensional Minkowski Bulk. These theories have some intriguing properties, including freedom from ghosts and a non-renormalization theorem that hints at possible applications in both particle physics and cosmology. In this brief review article, we will summarize our attempts over the last year to extend the Galileon idea in two important ways. We will discuss the effective field theory construction arising from co-dimension greater than one flat branes embedded in a flat background - the multiGalileons - and we will then describe symmetric covariant versions of the Galileons, more suitable for general cosmological applications. While all these Galileons can be thought of as interesting four-dimensional field theories in their own rights, the work described here may also make it easier to embed them into string theory, with its multiple extra dimensions and more general gravitational backgrounds.Comment: 16 pages; invited brief review article for a special issue of Classical and Quantum Gravity. Submitted to CQ

The Worldvolume Action of Kink Solitons in AdS Spacetime

A formalism is presented for computing the higher-order corrections to the worldvolume action of co-dimension one solitons. By modifying its potential, an explicit "kink" solution of a real scalar field in AdS spacetime is found. The formalism is then applied to explicitly compute the kink worldvolume action to quadratic order in two expansion parameters--associated with the hypersurface fluctuation length and the radius of AdS spacetime respectively. Two alternative methods are given for doing this. The results are expressed in terms of the trace of the extrinsic curvature and the intrinsic scalar curvature. In addition to conformal Galileon interactions, we find a non-Galileon term which is never sub-dominant. This method can be extended to any conformally flat bulk spacetime.Comment: 32 pages, 3 figures, typos corrected and additional comments adde

Boundary Terms and Junction Conditions for Generalized Scalar-Tensor Theories

We compute the boundary terms and junction conditions for Horndeski's panoptic class of scalar-tensor theories, and write the bulk and boundary equations of motion in explicitly second order form. We consider a number of special subclasses, including galileon theories, and present the corresponding formulae. Our analysis opens up of the possibility of studying tunnelling between vacua in generalized scalar-tensor theories, and braneworld dynamics. The latter follows because our results are independent of spacetime dimension.Comment: 13 pages, Equation corrected. Thanks to Tsutomu Kobayashi for informing us of the typ

An investigation of the structural requirements for ATP hydrolysis and DNA cleavage by the EcoKI Type I DNA restriction and modification enzyme

Type I DNA restriction and modification enzym

The Imperfect Fluid behind Kinetic Gravity Braiding

We present a standard hydrodynamical description for non-canonical scalar field theories with kinetic gravity braiding. In particular, this picture applies to the simplest galileons and k-essence. The fluid variables not only have a clear physical meaning but also drastically simplify the analysis of the system. The fluid carries charges corresponding to shifts in field space. This shift-charge current contains a spatial part responsible for diffusion of the charges. Moreover, in the incompressible limit, the equation of motion becomes the standard diffusion equation. The fluid is indeed imperfect because the energy flows neither along the field gradient nor along the shift current. The fluid has zero vorticity and is not dissipative: there is no entropy production, the energy-momentum is exactly conserved, the temperature vanishes and there is no shear viscosity. Still, in an expansion around a perfect fluid one can identify terms which correct the pressure in the manner of bulk viscosity. We close by formulating the non-trivial conditions for the thermodynamic equilibrium of this imperfect fluid.Comment: 23 pages plus appendices. New version includes extended discussion on diffusion and dynamics in alternative frames, as well as additional references. v3 reflects version accepted for publication in JHEP: minor comments added regarding suitability to numerical approache