Using Household Panel Data to Understand the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty

This paper discusses how household panel surveys can be informative about the intergenerational transmission of poverty. We consider issues both of data and of the statistical methods that may be applied to those data. Although the data focus is on panel surveys from developed countries, we also briefly consider data availability in developing countries. We set out a list of survey data requirements for intergenerational analysis, and then discuss how the main household panel surveys in developed countries meet the criteria. In order to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of household panel surveys, the section also compares them with other types of longitudinal studies. Next, we review the estimation methods that have been used to examine the intergenerational transmission of poverty when using household panel surveys. Finally, we provide three examples of household panel surveys in developing countries (Indonesia, Malaysia and Mexico) that meet the data requirements for analysis of the intergenerational transmission of poverty.Demographic change, Consumption structure, Consumption of the elderly

The Intergeneratinal Transmission of Poverty in Industrialized Countries

This paper reviews research about the intergenerational transmission of poverty in industrialized countries. In order to make our survey manageable, we restrict attention to studies that consider the relationship between parental poverty (or 'income') during childhood and later-life outcomes; we do not explicitly consider the impact of other family background variables such as parental education. The general message is that growing up poor has a deleterious impact on later-life chances, and that this impact is not wholly explained by other factors that are themselves correlated with childhood poverty. At the same time, the studies also show that one should be cautious about drawing more specific conclusions. For example, the degree of intergenerational persistence appears to vary depending on the definition of the outcome variable, and different estimation methods provide a range of estimates. In addition, most of re-search about intergenerational links has been undertaken using US data, and it is not clear that any specific conclusions should carry over to another country with very different social norms and institutions including e.g. differences in labour market regulation, and in systems of edu-cation and social security benefits. However we conclude that, broadly speaking, the analyti-cal framework that has been used for high-income countries can also be applied to low-income countries.Poverty, intergenerational transmission, mobility, family background, income, industrialized countries

The Effect of Lone Motherhood on the Smoking Behaviour of Young Adults

We provide evidence that living with an unmarried mother during childhood raises smoking propensities for young adults in Germany.smoking, lone parent, childhood family structure, divorce, unobserved heterogeneity

The Effect of Lone Motherhood on the Smoking Behaviour of Young Adults

We provide evidence that living with an unmarried mother during childhood raises smoking propensities for young adults in Germany.smoking, lone parent, childhood family structure, divorce, unobserved heterogeneity

Consistency Relations for Internal Waves

A complete set of linearly independent relationships among the different cross spectral components obtained from pairs of moored instruments is derived which can be utilized to test whether or not the observed fluctuations within the internal wave frequency band represent a field of propagating internal waves. A further complete set of relationships is derived which enables to test whether or not the internal wave field is horizontally isotropic and (or) vertically symmetric. These relations are compared with corresponding relations for alternative models (standing internal wave modes, three-dimensional isotropic turbulence) and their capability to discriminate between the various models is investigated. The tests are applied to a set of data for which it is found that the observed fluctuations are consistent with both propagating and standing internal waves whereas isotropic turbulence must be rejected for the most part of the internal wave frequency band

Gendered Dietary Supplements: Does the Marketing Reflect Different Formulations?

Many dietary supplements are marketed with gendered terms, such as “for her” and “for him.” However, whether these statements reflect different nutrient contents of products and a biological basis has not been systematically examined. PURPOSE: The purpose of this analysis was to compare the micronutrient content of dietary supplements that are sold in separate forms based on gendered marketing. METHODS: The National Institutes of Health Dietary Supplements Label Database (DSLD) was searched using gendered terms, such as “hers,” “her,” “women,” “his,” “him,” and “men.” Eighty-nine pairs of micronutrient-containing products that were commercially available as a women’s version and a men’s version were identified. Nutrients included in the analysis included common vitamins (biotin, choline, folate/folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, and vitamins A, B12, B6, C, D, E, and K) and minerals (calcium, chloride, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, and zinc). Nutrient quantities in units of % Daily Value (%DV) were compared between gendered marketing categories using independent-samples t-tests and calculation of effect sizes using Cohen’s d. Data were analyzed using R (v. 4.2.1) and the rstatix package. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed between gendered marketing categories for iron (n=40 pairs; women’s: 85±42%; men’s: 6±14%; p\u3c0.001; effect size: 2.56 [large]) and calcium (n=62 pairs; women’s: 26±19%; men’s: 16±13%; p=0.03; effect size: 0.57 [moderate]), but no other nutrients. CONCLUSION: Micronutrient-containing supplements marketed specifically to women and men primarily had similar micronutrient content, except for higher iron and calcium in women’s products. For iron, this difference is reflective of anticipated biological need, as acknowledged by a higher Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adolescent and adult females up to age 50 (8 to 27 mg/d) as compared to males (8 mg/d). For calcium, the RDA is equivalent for males and females at all ages, except for ages 51-70 years (females: 1,200 mg/d; males: 1,000 mg/d). Therefore, the observed differences in iron and calcium appear to have a legitimate biological basis, although for specific age ranges. In conclusion, few differences in micronutrient content were seen between products marketed specifically as women’s or men’s products. However, the observed differences in iron and calcium may be reflective of biological need in select age groups

Scheidungskinder rauchen mehr

Die massiven Gesundheitsschäden, die Rauchen verursacht, sind allseits bekannt. Die Gründe, warum Menschen zu Rauchern werden, sind hingegen nicht so offenkundig. Der vorliegende Bericht untersucht den Zusammenhang von Familienform und Rauchverhalten von jungen Menschen in Deutschland auf Basis der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP). Eines der zentralen Ergebnisse: Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene aus Alleinerzieher-Haushalten haben ein deutlich höheres Risiko, Raucher zu werden sowie früher mit dem Rauchen anzufangen als solche aus sogenannten traditionellen Familien. Auch die Intensität des Tabakkonsums hängt von der Familienform ab - Personen, die in Alleinerzieher-Haushalten aufwachsen, rauchen im Durchschnitt mehr Zigaretten pro Tag. Besonders wichtig ist dabei, wie die Alleinerziehung zustande kam und in welchem Alter sie einsetzte: Eine Scheidung der Eltern erhöht das Risiko zu rauchen am stärksten, wohingegen das Aufwachsen mit einer alleinerziehenden Mutter oder der Tod des Vaters während der Kindheit keine statistisch signifikante Rolle spielen.Smoking, Lone parent, Childhood family structure, Divorce

Einfluss der Familienform auf den Schulerfolg von Kindern nicht nachweisbar

Die Bedeutung von nicht traditionellen Familienformen, d. h. von Familien, in denen nicht beide leibliche Eltern ihre Kinder gemeinsam großziehen, wird immer wieder kontrovers diskutiert. In der Öffentlichkeit wird häufi g vermutet, dass Kindern Nachteile erwachsen, wenn sie nicht in traditionellen Elternhäusern aufwachsen. Gegenwärtig ist sogar in der Diskussion, dass Kinder Alleinerziehender und in Patchworkfamilien nicht genügend soziales Verhalten lernen würden und deshalb der gesellschaftliche Zusammenhalt insgesamt gefährdet sei. Zur Objektivierung der Debatte werden in diesem Bericht Befunde zum Zusammenhang zwischen Familientyp und dem frühen Lebensweg von Kindern und Jugendlichen vorgelegt. Die Ergebnisse wurden im Rahmen eines vom DIW Berlin zusammen mit dem Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER) der University of Essex durchgeführten Forschungsprojektes erarbeitet, das von der Deutsch-Britischen Stiftung für das Studium der Industriegesellschaft fi nanziert wurde. Auf Basis der Daten des vom DIW Berlin in Zusammenarbeit mit Infratest Sozialforschung erhobenen Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) kann für Kinder, die in Deutschland von 1966 bis 1986 geboren wurden, methodisch zuverlässig gezeigt werden, dass es keinen statistisch eindeutig nachweisbaren Einfl uss des Familientyps auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit gibt, das Abitur oder einen höheren Bildungsabschluss zu erlangen. Auch lässt sich statistisch kein konsistenter Einfl uss auf das Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko in der Jugend nachweisen. Die für das lebenslange Gesundheitsrisiko bedeutsame Frage, ob Jugendliche rauchen, lässt sich allerdings empirisch beantworten: Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene, die in nicht traditionellen Elternhäusern aufgewachsen sind, haben eine - je nach Untersuchungsgruppe - etwa 10 bis 20 % höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit zu rauchen. Die genaueren Ursachen hierfür werden derzeit näher untersucht.

Communication

The geometry of reaction compartments can affect the local outcome of interface-restricted reactions. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are commonly used to generate cell-sized, membrane-bound reaction compartments, which are, however, always spherical. Herein, we report the development of a microfluidic chip to trap and reversibly deform GUVs into cigar-like shapes. When trapping and elongating GUVs that contain the primary protein of the bacterial Z ring, FtsZ, we find that membrane-bound FtsZ filaments align preferentially with the short GUV axis. When GUVs are released from this confinement and membrane tension is relaxed, FtsZ reorganizes reversibly from filaments into dynamic rings that stabilize membrane protrusions; a process that allows reversible GUV deformation. We conclude that microfluidic traps are useful for manipulating both geometry and tension of GUVs, and for investigating how both affect the outcome of spatially-sensitive reactions inside them, such as that of protein self-organization.We acknowledge the MPIB Biochemistry Core Facility for assistance in protein purification