Armed attack against the military force of an international organization and use of force in self-defence by a troop-contributing State: A tentative legal assessment of an unlikely scenario

If the military force of an international organization is made the object of a military attack by a State, that international organization may be regarded as being entitled to use force in self-defence. However, since the forces of international organizations are generally composed of national contingents which States put at the disposal of the international organizations, the question may be raised as to whether, in case of an armed attack against such forces, the sending State would also be entitled to use force in self-defence to protect its national contingent. This question, which was addressed, albeit in a very cursory manner, in the 2009 report of the EU Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia, has to be answered taking into account the status of national contingents as organs of the sending States. By attaching relevance to the contingent\u2019s dual status and to the rationale underlying the rule on self-defence, this study argues that whenever the national contingent is made the object of an armed attack the possibility for the sending State to invoke self-defence cannot be excluded. In particular, the invocability of self-defence by the sending State should be admitted in those cases in which the armed attack is clearly aimed at targeting that State

Transfected poly(I:C) activates different dsRNA receptors leading to apoptosis or immunoadjuvant response in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells

Background: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is refractory to chemo-radiotherapy. Results: Transfection of the synthetic analog of dsRNA poly(I:C) simultaneously stimulates apoptosis and IFN- expression through different pathways in androgen-independent prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Conclusion: Dual parallel pathways triggered by distinct receptors activate direct and immunologically mediated antitumor effects in advanced PCa. Significance: The proapoptotic/immunoadjuvant poly(I:C)-Lipofectamine complex may offer new therapeutic insights into CRPC

Mechanical weed control strategies for grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.)

Received: January 25th, 2022 ; Accepted: April 5th, 2022 ; Published: April 19th, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected], no herbicide is registered for grain amaranth in Europe, the United States and South America. Hence, weed control must be addressed with alternative methods. Field trials were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Central Italy by comparing some mechanical weed control treatments in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.). In 2018, the five treatments were: untreated control (T118), cutter hoeing (T218), flat share cuts and one central duck foot tine (T318), flat share cuts and two central duck foot tines (T418), and three duck foot tines (T518). In 2019, the five treatments were: untreated control (T119), three duck foot tines (T219), flex tine harrowing (T319), flex tine harrowing plus finger weeding with red fingers (T419), and finger weeding with red fingers (T520). In 2018, amaranth was a successful competitor against weeds from 40 days after emergence (10 true leaf stage, corresponding to BBCH code 15). The competitive ability was showed by excellent seed yields averaging 1.2 t ha-1 , for all treatments. This feature was also confirmed to some degree in 2019. However, seed yield in 2019 was more strongly influenced by treatment as well as by the lower emergence of plants. All the mechanical methods employed can be effectively used for weed control in grain amaranth. Treatments with the flex tine harrower and finger weeder negatively affected the plant density at harvest, necessitating further optimization. However, combined mechanical strategies proved the most effective, especially in controlling dicot weeds. There is a need to optimize strategies, with mechanical equipment, to anticipate and improve the ground cover of amaranth. These strategies include selecting optimal plant density and the correct distancing between the rows for easier mechanical control

The role of peptides in the design of electrochemical biosensors for clinical diagnostics

Peptides represent a promising class of biorecognition elements that can be coupled to electrochemical transducers. The benefits lie mainly in their stability and selectivity toward a target analyte. Furthermore, they can be synthesized rather easily and modified with specific functional groups, thus making them suitable for the development of novel architectures for biosensing platforms, as well as alternative labelling tools. Peptides have also been proposed as antibiofouling agents. Indeed, biofouling caused by the accumulation of biomolecules on electrode surfaces is one of the major issues and challenges to be addressed in the practical application of electrochemical biosensors. In this review, we summarise trends from the last three years in the design and development of electrochemical biosensors using synthetic peptides. The different roles of peptides in the design of electrochemical biosensors are described. The main procedures of selection and synthesis are discussed. Selected applications in clinical diagnostics are also described

The role of peptides in the design of electrochemical biosensors for clinical diagnostics

Peptides represent a promising class of biorecognition elements that can be coupled to electrochemical transducers. The benefits lie mainly in their stability and selectivity toward a target analyte. Furthermore, they can be synthesized rather easily and modified with specific functional groups, thus making them suitable for the development of novel architectures for biosensing platforms, as well as alternative labelling tools. Peptides have also been proposed as antibiofouling agents. Indeed, biofouling caused by the accumulation of biomolecules on electrode surfaces is one of the major issues and challenges to be addressed in the practical application of electrochemical biosensors. In this review, we summarise trends from the last three years in the design and development of electrochemical biosensors using synthetic peptides. The different roles of peptides in the design of electrochemical biosensors are described. The main procedures of selection and synthesis are discussed. Selected applications in clinical diagnostics are also described

First spectral measurement of the Earth's upwelling emission using an uncooled wideband Fourier transform spectrometer

International audienceThe first spectral measurement of Earth's emitted radiation to space in the wideband range from 100 to 1400 cm-1 with 0.5 cm-1 spectral resolution is presented. The measurement was performed from a stratospheric balloon in tropical region using a Fourier transform spectrometer, during a field campaign held in Brazil in June 2005. The instrument, which has uncooled components including the detector module, is a prototype developed as part of the study for the REFIR (Radiation Explorer in the Far InfraRed) space mission. This paper shows the results of the field campaign with particular attention to the measurement capabilities of the prototype. The results are compared with measurements taken by IASI-balloon (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer – Balloon version), aboard the same platform, and with forward model estimations. The infrared signature of clouds is observed in the measurements

Spectrally resolved observations of atmospheric emitted radiance in the H2O rotation band

This paper presents the project Earth Cooling by Water Vapor Radiation, an observational programme, which aims at developing a database of spectrally resolved far infrared observations, in atmospheric dry conditions, in order to validate radiative transfer models and test the quality of water vapor continuum and line parameters. The project provides the very first set of far-infrared spectral downwelling radiance measurements, in dry atmospheric conditions, which are complemented with Raman Lidar-derived temperature and water vapor profiles

Technical note: First spectral measurement of the Earth's upwelling emission using an uncooled wideband Fourier transform spectrometer

International audienceThe first spectral measurement of Earth's emitted radiation to space in the wideband range from 100 to 1400 cm-1 with 0.5 cm-1 spectral resolution is presented. The measurement was performed from a stratospheric balloon in tropical region using a Fourier transform spectrometer, during a field campaign held in Brazil in June 2005. The instrument, which has uncooled components including the detector module, is a prototype developed as part of the study for the REFIR (Radiation Explorer in the Far InfraRed) space mission. This paper shows the results of the field campaign with particular attention to the measurement capabilities of the prototype. The results are compared with measurements taken by IASI-balloon (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer – Balloon version), aboard the same platform, and with forward model estimations. The infrared signature of clouds is observed in the measurements

Technical note: First spectral measurement of the Earth's upwelling emission using an uncooled wideband Fourier transform spectrometer

The first spectral measurement of Earth's emitted radiation to space in the wideband range from 100 to 1400 cm^−1 with 0.5 cm^−1 spectral resolution is presented. The measurement was performed from a stratospheric balloon in tropical region using a Fourier transform spectrometer, during a field campaign held in Brazil in June 2005. The instrument, which has uncooled components including the detector module, is a prototype developed as part of the study for the REFIR (Radiation Explorer in the Far InfraRed) space mission. This paper shows the results of the field campaign with particular attention to the measurement capabilities of the prototype. The results are compared with measurements taken by IASI-balloon (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer – Balloon version), aboard the same platform, and with forward model estimations. The infrared signature of clouds is observed in the measurements

TiO2 Nanocrystals Decorated CVD Graphene for Electroanalytical Sensing

In this work, the manufacturing and characterization of an optically transparent and UV-light photoactive anode, formed of monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and decorated with a close packed multilayered nanostructured layout of colloidal TiO2 nanocrystals (NCs), are reported. The hybrid material has been prepared by a facile solution-based procedure, which relays on soaking the CVD graphene in a solution of 1-pyrene butyric acid (PBA) surface coated TiO2 NCs, achieved upon implementation of a capping exchange process for displacing the pristine organic ligand deriving from the colloidal synthesis. Pyrene undergoes \u3c0-\u3c0 stacking interactions, anchoring the NCs to the platform with retention of the NC geometry and composition. The NCs immobilize onto the graphene platform with preservation of its aromatic structure and the resulting hybrid has been found optically transparent in the visible spectral range. (Photo)electrochemical investigation shows that the composite material has a promising sensitivity for selectively detecting dopamine and norepinephrine and, concomitantly, exhibits a (photo)electric activity higher than that of bare graphene. Thus, the achieved hybrid material results interesting for the manufacturing of photo-active components to integrate in photo-renewable sensor elements along with photodetectors and solar cells