The Two Phases of Galaxy Formation

Cosmological simulations of galaxy formation appear to show a two-phase character with a rapid early phase at z>2 during which in-situ stars are formed within the galaxy from infalling cold gas followed by an extended phase since z<3 during which ex-situ stars are primarily accreted. In the latter phase massive systems grow considerably in mass and radius by accretion of smaller satellite stellar systems formed at quite early times (z>3) outside of the virial radius of the forming central galaxy. These tentative conclusions are obtained from high resolution re-simulations of 39 individual galaxies in a full cosmological context with present-day virial halo masses ranging from 7e11 M_sun h^-1 < M_vir < 2.7e13 M_sun h^-1 and central galaxy masses between 4.5e10 M_sun h^-1 < M_* < 3.6e11 M_sun h^-1. The simulations include the effects of a uniform UV background, radiative cooling, star formation and energetic feedback from SNII. The importance of stellar accretion increases with galaxy mass and towards lower redshift. In our simulations lower mass galaxies ($M_* < 9e10 M_sun h^-1) accrete about 60 per cent of their present-day stellar mass. High mass galaxy ($M_* > 1.7e11 M_sun h^-1) assembly is dominated by accretion and merging with about 80 per cent of the stars added by the present-day. In general the simulated galaxies approximately double their mass since z=1. For massive systems this mass growth is not accompanied by significant star formation. The majority of the in-situ created stars is formed at z>2, primarily out of cold gas flows. We recover the observational result of archaeological downsizing, where the most massive galaxies harbor the oldest stars. We find that this is not in contradiction with hierarchical structure formation. Most stars in the massive galaxies are formed early on in smaller structures, the galaxies themselves are assembled late.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

The bulge luminosity functions in the MSX infrared bands

We use an inversion technique to derive the luminosity functions of the Galactic bulge from point source counts extracted from the Midcourse Space Experiment's Point Source Catalog (version 1.2).Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, to be published in A&

A yellowwood by any other name: molecular systematics and the taxonomy of Podocarpus and the Podocarpaceae in southern Africa

We briefly review the taxonomic history of the Podocarpaceae, with an emphasis on the recognition of numerous segregate genera out of Podocarpus sensu lato. Despite some controversy over the recognition of these genera, molecular data (DNA sequences) provide evidence that supports this taxonomy. The implications for African Podocarpaceae are discussed. In particular, molecular data support the recognition of Afrocarpus as distinct from Podocarpus. Additional taxonomic problems concerning the possible segregation of Podocarpus milanjianus from P. latifolius are addressed using DNA sequence data from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Results of this are inconclusive, and suggest that alternative DNA-based evidence, such as from AFLPs or microsatellites, may be more informative in resolving such species complexes in African Podocarpus

Evaluative Conditioning: Arti-fact or -fiction?—A Reply to Baeyens, De Houwer, Vansteenwegen, and Eelen (1998)

Baeyens et al.(1998) claim that Field and Davey's (1997) controversial study of conceptual conditioning offers little threat to current conceptions of evaluative conditioning. This article addresses some of the questions posed by Baeyenset al.First, some criticisms of the conceptual conditioning study appear to be based on a misunderstanding of the procedure. Second, we address the issues surrounding the so-called Type-X procedure. Specifically, we begin by reviewing the status of studies that have used a procedure different from the Type-X procedure. It is then argued that, although the Type-X procedure has been used in only a portion of EC research, it has been used primarily in those studies whose outcome has been used to argue that evaluative conditioning (EC) is functionally distinct from autonomic conditioning. We then review the evidence from non-Type-X procedures that EC is a distinct form of learning. Finally, an attempt is made to explain why between-subject controls should be used as a matter of course in this field of research

Magnetic excitations in a new anisotropic Kagom\'{e} antiferromagnet

The Nd-langasite compound contains planes of magnetic Nd3+ ions on a lattice topologically equivalent to a kagom\'{e} net. The magnetic susceptibility does not reveal any signature of long-range ordering down to 2 K but rather a correlated paramagnetism with significant antiferromagnetic interactions between the Nd and a single-ion anisotropy due to crystal field effect. Inelastic neutron scattering on Nd-langasite powder and single-crystal allowed to probe its very peculiar low temperature dynamical magnetic correlations. They present unusual dispersive features and are broadly localized in wave-vector Q revealing a structure factor associated to characteristics short range-correlations between the magnetic atoms. From comparison with theoretical calculations, these results are interpreted as a possible experimental observation of a spin liquid state in an anisotropic kagom\'{e} antiferromagnet.Comment: to appear in Physica

Europe as a multilevel federation

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

ANALISIS STRUKTUR FISIK DAN STRUKTUR BATIN PUISI ANAK DALAM MAJALAH POTRET ANAK CERDAS

ABSTRAK Sri Wahyuni Y. 2017. Analisis Struktur Fisik dan Struktur Batin Puisi Anak dalamMajalah Potret Anak Cerdas. Tesis, Program Studi MagisterPendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Keguruan danIlmu Pendidikan Universitas Syiah Kuala. Pembimbing (1) Dr.Mohd. Harun, M.Pd., Pembimbing (2) Dr. Rajab Bahry, M.Pd. Kata Kunci: Struktur Fisik, Struktur Batin, Puisi Anak Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan struktur fisik dan struktur batin puisi anakdalam majalah Potret Anak Cerdas meliputi (1) bunyi, (2) pilihan kata, (3) saranaretorika, (4) tema, dan (5) amanat. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian iniadalah pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian struktural.Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah puisi anak dalam majalah Potret AnakCerdas edisi 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, dan 19. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah bunyi, kata,sarana retorika, tema dan amanat dalam puisi anak majalah Potret Anak Cerdas.Teknik pengumpulan data adalah studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis data terbagidalam tiga tahap, yaitu (1) tahap reduksi data, (2) tahap penyajian data, dan (3) tahappenarikan simpulan. Hasil yang ditemukan sebagai berikut. Pertama, dari segi aspekbunyi berupa rima ditemukan ada 11 jenis rima yang digunakan, yaitu (1) rimaaliterasi (2) rima mutlak, (3) rima awal, (4) rima tengah, (5) rima akhir, (6) rimadatar, (7) rima berpeluk, (8) rima bersilang, (9) rima rangkai, (10) rima kembar, dan(11) rima patah. Rima secara menyeluruh ditemukan yang paling menonjol adalahrima mutlak dan rima patah. Irama yang ditemukan ada 2 jenis irama, yaitu (1)repetisi, dan (2) paralelisme. Irama secara menyeluruh ditemukan yang palingmenonjol adalah bentuk repetisi. Kedua, dari aspek pilihan kata ditemukan ada 4penggunaan kata sifat hakiki puisi, yaitu (1) emotif, (2) objektif, (3) imitatif ataureferensial, dan (4) konotatif. Diksi secara menyeluruh ditemukan yang palingmenonjol adalah kata yang bersifat emotif. Ketiga, dari segi sarana retorika berupagaya bahasa ditemukan ada 4 jenis gaya bahasa, yaitu (1) gaya bahasa personifikasi,(2) gaya bahasa hiperbola, (3) gaya bahasa simile, dan (4) gaya bahasa sinekdoce.Gaya bahasa secara menyeluruh ditemukan yang paling menonjol adalah gayabahasa personifikasi. Citraan yang ditemukan ada 5 jenis citraan, yaitu (1) citraanpenglihatan, (2) citraan pendengaran, (3) citraan perabaan, (4) citraan pencecapan,dan (5) citraan gerak. Citraan secara menyeluruh ditemukan yang paling menonjoladalah citraan gerak. Keempat, tema yang ditemukan dalam puisi anak majalahPotret Anak Cerdas ada 5 tema, yaitu (1) tema orang tua, (2) tema guru, (3) temateman sepermainan, (4) tema religius, dan (5) tema lingkungan alam. Tema secaramenyeluruh ditemukan yang paling menonjol adalah tema orang tua. Kelima, amanatyang ditemukan dalam puisi anak majalah Potret Anak Cerdas, yaitu (1) mengajakpembaca untuk menghargai dan menghormati indahnya kasih sayang yang diberikanoleh orang tua dan guru serta mematuhi segala perintahnya, (2) mengajak pembacauntuk selalu menjaga persahabatan, (3) mengajak pembaca untuk sering berselawatkepada Nabi, (4) mengajak pembaca untuk bersabar, berusaha, semangat, rajinbelajar, dan berakhlak mulia serta tidak cepat cemburu terhadap segala sesuatu, (5)mengajak pembaca untuk selalu menjaga kebersihan dan melestarikan lingkunganalam.Banda Ace

Sport development programmes for Indigenous Australians: innovation, inclusion and development, or a product of 'white guilt'?

Under the legacy of neoliberalism, it is important to consider how the indigenous people, in this case of Australia, are to advance, develop and achieve some approximation of parity with broader societies in terms of health, educational outcomes and economic participation. In this paper, we explore the relationships between welfare dependency, individualism, responsibility, rights, liberty and the role of the state in the provision of Government-funded programmes of sport to Indigenous communities. We consider whether such programmes are a product of 'white guilt' and therefore encourage dependency and weaken the capacity for independence within communities and individuals, or whether programmes to increase rates of participation in sport are better viewed as good investments to bring about changes in physical activity as (albeit a small) part of a broader social policy aimed at reducing the gaps between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in health, education and employment