Caracterización de la emisión de microondas en M31 usando nuevos datos del Sardinia Radio Telescope

In this study, we have performed the correlation analysis between the microwaves maps and both, the far - mid infrared maps and the parameters maps in the Andromeda galaxy. For this aim, we have used intensity maps from the Sardinia Radio Telescope and public data from both the Herschel Space Observatory and Spitzer Space Telescope. The parameters maps used were created by combining public data and models produced by DustEM. There are four sections: the introduction, the methodology, the results and the conclusions. In the first section, it’s established the basic knowledge. We have begun by explaining what interstellar medium (ISM) is as well as the phenomena that take place in its inner. Those include: the temperature, composition and relative abundance for different dust grain types which are found in the medium. Next, we present various emission mechanisms focusing on the anomalous microwave emission. Later on, we gather up and display information about the Andromeda galaxy, explaining its suitability to be our object of study, justifying the reason for us to choose it over other galaxies. In the second one, we have explained the basic characteristics of the radio telescope that we have used for the C-band and K-band observations. This is followed by the observation, planning and measurement strategies of the calibration sources. Then, we have described the treatment carried out on the observations, as well as the models obtained through DustEM and the archive maps that we have selected. In the last part of this sextion we have detailed in depth the process to adjust the archive maps to our microwave maps. To close this section, we have added an explanation on how the correlations between maps have been made, as well as the procedure followed using both the DustEM and the infrared maps in order to obtain the parameter maps. In the third section - which can be divided into two smaller blocks - the results of this study are presented. We have started the first one by finding out the correlation which exists between both microwave and infrared maps. This has been done having the adjusted maps as references. We have obtained, in most of the results of the correlations, values of the Pearson’s coefficient around 0.6 (for the ring’s region), 0.4 (for the disc’s area) and 0.2 (for the nucleus). However, for the nucleus we have got other values in the maps of 24 and 100 m, for which the values have been around 0.7. In the second one, the correlation between the SRT and both the BG and ISRF map have shown values for the coefficient of Pearson around 0.7 in the ring and 0.5 in the disc. For the nucleus in the ISRF, the value has been of 0.7 (being the same as it was for the ring), but the nucleus hasn’t show any correlation with the BG. For the VSG map we have found a correlation of around 0.4 with the disc. Finally, in the fourth and last section, we have resolved that the correlation between the SRT and parameters maps indicate that the emission of microwaves is mainly related with the intensity of the radiation field, with the abundance of BG and with the dust’s temperature. Regarding the relation between the abundance of VSG and the microwave emission, it has only been noticed in the disc. This results are coherent with the ones obtained in the work of Tibbs et al. (2012). On the other hand, the results for the dust’s species haven’t been conclusive, due to the results may have been affected by diverse factors. Therefore, it’s concluded that, for improving the outcomes, it would be required that we rose the range of values (used for the dust’s species), used another adjustment technique or a more accurate and precise model.En este trabajo se ha realizado el an´alisis de la correlaci´on entre mapas de microondas combinados con mapas de archivo para infrarrojo lejano y medio, y mapas de par´ametros para la galaxia de Andr´omeda. Se han usado mapas en intensidad procedentes del Sardinia Radio Telescope y datos p´ublicos procedentes de Herschel Space Observatory y Spitzer Space Telescope. Los mapas de par´ametros usados se han creado a partir de la informaci´on obtenida al combinar los mapas de archivo y con los modelos generados por el c´odigo DustEM. En la primera secci´on se establece los conocimientos b´asicos. Comenzamos explicando en qu´e consiste el medio interestelar (ISM de sus siglas en ingl´es) as´ı como los fen´omenos que se manifiestan en su interior, la diversidad de medios que encontramos asociados a unos valores de temperatura determinados y composici´on, o las abundancias de distintas especies de polvo. Luego presentamos los diversos mecanismos de emisi´on presentes en el ISM centr´andonos en los mecanismos de emisi´on propuestos para explicar la emisi´on an´omala de microondas (AME de sus siglas en ingl´es). A continuaci´on exponemos informaci´on sobre la galaxia de Andr´omeda explicando la idoneidad para ser nuestro objeto de estudio. En la segunda secci´on, explicamos las caracter´ısticas b´asicas el radiotelescopio que usamos para las observaciones en banda C y banda K, seguido de las estrategia de observaci´on, planificaci´on y medici´on de las fuentes de calibraci´on. Luego, hablaremos sobre el tratamiento realizado sobre las observaciones as´ı como los mapas de archivo que hemos seleccionado y sobre el DustEM. En la ´ultima parte de este cap´ıtulo detallaremos con profundidad el proceso para ajustar los mapas de archivo a los mapas en microondas. Para cerrar este cap´ıtulo, se explicar´a c´omo se han realizado las correlaciones entre mapas y el procedimiento seguido empleando DustEM y los mapas en el infrarrojo para obtener los mapas de par´ametros. En la tercer secci´on, se presentan los resultados de este estudio. Partiendo de mapas ajustados, comenzaremos la primera parte del cap´ıtulo estimando la correlaci´on entre los mapas en microondas y los mapas en infrarrojo. Obteniendo en la mayor´ıa de las correlaciones valores del coeficiente de Pearson en torno a 0.6 para la regi´on de anillo, sobre 0.4 para la regi´on de disco y valores en torno a 0.2 para el n´ucleo, excepto para los mapas de 24 y 100 m. En la segunda parte de esta secci´on, la correlaci´on de los mapas de SRT con el mapa de BG y ISRF muestran valores del coeficiente de Pearson en torno a 0.7 en regiones como el anillo y el n´ucleo, excepto BG que no muestra correlaci´on con el n´ucleo, y 0.5 en el disco. Para el mapa de VSG encontramos una correlaci´on en torno a 0.4 con el disco. Finalmente, en la cuarta secci´on, se concluye que la correlaci´on entre los mapas de SRT y los mapas de par´ametros indican que la emisi´on de microondas se relaciona principalmente con la intensidad del campo de radiaci´on, con la abundancia de BG y con la temperatura del polvo. Respecto a la relaci´on entre la abundancia de VSG y la emisi´on en microondas s´olo es observada en el disco. Estos resultados son coherentes con los obtenidos en Tibbs et al. (2012). En cambio, los resultados para las especies de polvo no son concluyentes debido a diversos factores que han podido perjudicar los resultados. Por lo tanto se concluye que para mejorar los resultados se debe usar un modelo m´as preciso, aumentar el rango de valores usados para las especies de polvo o usar otra t´ecnica de ajuste

Alpha and beta phylogenetic diversities jointly reveal ant community assembly mechanisms along a tropical elevational gradient

Despite the long-standing interest in the organization of ant communities across elevational gradients, few studies have incorporated the evolutionary information to understand the historical processes that underlay such patterns. Through the evaluation of phylogenetic α and β-diversity, we analyzed the structure of leaf-litter ant communities along the Cofre de Perote mountain in Mexico and evaluated whether deterministic- (i.e., habitat filtering, interspecific competition) or stochastic-driven processes (i.e., dispersal limitation) were driving the observed patterns. Lowland and some highland sites showed phylogenetic clustering, whereas intermediate elevations and the highest site presented phylogenetic overdispersion. We infer that strong environmental constraints found at the bottom and the top elevations are favoring closely-related species to prevail at those elevations. Conversely, less stressful climatic conditions at intermediate elevations suggest interspecific interactions are more important in these environments. Total phylogenetic dissimilarity was driven by the turnover component, indicating that the turnover of ant species along the mountain is actually shifts of lineages adapted to particular locations resembling their ancestral niche. The greater phylogenetic dissimilarity between communities was related to greater temperature differences probably due to narrow thermal tolerances inherent to several ant lineages that evolved in more stable conditions. Our results suggest that the interplay between environmental filtering, interspecific competition and habitat specialization plays an important role in the assembly of leaf-litter ant communities along elevational gradients

Apophis planetary defense campaign

We describe results of a planetary defense exercise conducted during the close approach to Earth by the near-Earth asteroid (99942) Apophis during 2020 December–2021 March. The planetary defense community has been conducting observational campaigns since 2017 to test the operational readiness of the global planetary defense capabilities. These community-led global exercises were carried out with the support of NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office and the International Asteroid Warning Network. The Apophis campaign is the third in our series of planetary defense exercises. The goal of this campaign was to recover, track, and characterize Apophis as a potential impactor to exercise the planetary defense system including observations, hypothetical risk assessment and risk prediction, and hazard communication. Based on the campaign results, we present lessons learned about our ability to observe and model a potential impactor. Data products derived from astrometric observations were available for inclusion in our risk assessment model almost immediately, allowing real-time updates to the impact probability calculation and possible impact locations. An early NEOWISE diameter measurement provided a significant improvement in the uncertainty on the range of hypothetical impact outcomes. The availability of different characterization methods such as photometry, spectroscopy, and radar provided robustness to our ability to assess the potential impact risk

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mexico ants: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic–Neotropical interface

International audienceto explore different aspects of the population and community research of ants at different spatial scales, and to aid in the establishment of conservation policies and actions. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using its data for publications or teaching events

Mexico's Ants: Who are They and Where do They Live?

International audienc

Sociedad Civil y democracia en América Latina: desafíos de participación y representación

¿Por qué plantearse los problemas de la sociedad civil desde el ángulo de la relación entre participación y representación? La elección del tema de este Lente de Aproximación responde a una visión tanto de los avances desarrollados por la investigación sobre sociedad civil en la región, como a un análisis de los procesos sociales y políticos más importantes que están verificándose en América Latina y el Caribe, de los cuales la sociedad civil forma parte y es a su vez condicionada por ellos