Clérigos en sociedad: el despliegue vital del clero secular andaluz en la baja Edad Media

El clero secular gozó de un protagonismo indiscutible en la sociedad que contempló el ocaso de la Edad Media. Nos centramos en el clero residente en el gran centro urbano de la Andalucía de finales del siglo XV y principios del XVI, Sevilla. Dentro de los muchos aspectos relativos a los clérigos ponemos nuestra atención en aquellos que integran su vida personal, en su salida de los recintos eclesiásticos para imbricarse con la sociedad en la que estaban insertos. Ello es posible gracias a la documentación estudiada: los Protocolos notariales. Las escribanías públicas de Sevilla tuvieron entre sus clientes más activos muchos miembros del clero secular, permitiendo obtener una imagen bastante completa de este grupo. Tienen cabida en ella la situación celibataria, las cualidades humanas y, de forma especial, la economía, como ente individual: sus bienes, sus criterios económicos, su participación en el comercio, como agentes o como prestamistas, los niveles de riqueza. Todo ello se completa con el análisis de su formación intelectual, su prestigio social, sus relaciones con las minorías étnico-religiosas, etc. En definitiva, un conjunto de actuaciones donde, en buena medida, veremos a los miembros del clero implicados intensamente en la sociedad a la que pertenecían.The secular clergy enjoyed an indisputable prominence in the society of the late Middle Ages. This paper focuses on the clergy living in the largest urban area in Andalusia at the end of the 15th century and beginning of the 16th century -Seville. Amongst the many aspects relating to the clergy, we pay attention to those which made up their personal life and more particularly to such activities as they conducted outside ecclesiastical precincts in order to intermingle with the society of which they were part. This is possible thanks to the documentary evidence used in our study: the notarial protocols. The public notary offices in Seville had a significant number of members of the secular clergy amongst their more active customers, which allows us to obtain a comprehensive view of this group. Such a view includes things like celibacy, their qualities as human beings and above all their individual economies: their properties, the economic criteria which they relied on, their participation in trade exchanges -as brokers or moneylenders- and their standards of wealth. All these aspects are enriched by the analysis of their intellectual backgrounds, their social prestige, their relationship with ethnic and religious minorities, etc: in short, a number of dealings in which, to a large extent, members of the clergy were deeply involved within the society to which they belonged

Religious Women in Andalusia at the end of the Middle Ages: Economic Foundation and Family Ties

The aim of this article is to study the collectives of religious women who lived at the end of the Middle Ages in Andalusia. Researches about this item multiplied in the last years, but the analysis has been made from an institutional perspective. The novelty of my investigation is based on the analysis of their economic basis and their religious vocation, as on their family ties that their lifestyle allowed them to keep unlike religious women living in enclosed environments. Even they didn’t renounce to maternity. Enter into the privacy of religious women’s lives has been possible thanks to the information contained in the compilation of Public Notaries’ official records preserved at the Municipal Archive of Jerez de la Frontera

Objective and subjective quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorders in southern Spain

Subjective and objective measures of quality of life (QoL) were obtained for adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) living in Andalusia (Spain). Seventy-four families responded to question- naires about objective QoL indicators such as employment, health, adaptive behaviour and social network, and were asked to act as proxies for subjective QoL measures. Outcome on objective QoL was extremely poor. Social networks were most frequently composed of family members. Community-oriented resources were absent in most cases. For two-thirds of the families, the ability to act as proxies for subjective QoL was seriously limited by the participants’ poor social and communicative abilities. The results are indicative of the need for additional support to families of adults with ASD and increased community-based resources. Further conceptualization of indicators and measurement of subjective QoL in individuals with severe disabilities and ASD is also needed in order to include their own perspective in the evaluation of service provision

Mujeres liberadas de la tutela masculina: de solteras y viudas a fines de la Edad Media

Resumen: La Edad Media es una época histórica que arrastra consigo un lastre de tópicos difícilmente extirpables. En el caso de las mujeres medievales la tipificación es mayor por la ignorancia del sector femenino en la historiografía tradicional, la propia posición de las féminas en un mundo dominado por los hombres, y la situación de la mujer en otras épocas erróneamente adjudicada al Medievo. Nuestro estudio se centra en dos colectivos que evidencian lo infundado de algunas falsas imágenes. Nos estamos refiriendo a las solteras y las viudas, mujeres que por diversas circunstancias hubieron de trazar el camino de sus existencias sin la imposición de la autoridad masculina y sin la omnipresencia de un hombre que tomara decisiones vitales por ellas. Palabras clave: Edad Media, mujer medieval, viuda, soltera, concubinato, economía medieval Abstract: Women Liberated from Masculine Guardianship: Single women and Widows at the end of Middle Ages. The Middle Ages are a historical period that involves a lot of commonplaces. These are more numerous in the case of medieval women due to several factors: the ignorance of the feminine sector in the traditional historiography; women's role in a world dominated by men; and the women's position in other periods which are related in error to the Middle Ages. Our study will focus on two groups which demonstrate the groundlessness of some false images. We refer to widows and single women, who had to plan their lives without the imposition of masculine authority due to several circumstances. In this way, they lived without the omnipresence of a man who took every vital decision for them. Key words: Middle Ages, Medieval Woman, Widow, Single Woman, Concubinage, Medieval Econom

Mujeres y cofradías en la Andalucía de finales de la Edad Media

Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Departamento de Geografía, Historia y FilosofíaPostprin

Fate of Bacillus cereus within phagocytic cells

In this study we assessed the interaction of different strains of Bacillus cereus with murine peritoneal macrophages and cultured phagocytic cells (Raw 264.7 cells). Association, internalization, intracellular survival, routing of bacteria to different compartments and expression of MHCII were assessed in cells infected with different strains of B. cereus in vegetative form. Association values (adhering + internalized bacteria) and phagocytosis were higher for strain B10502 than those for strains 2 and M2. However, after 90 min interaction, intracellular survival was higher for strain 2 than for strains M2 and B10502. Acquisition of lysosomal markers by B. cereus containing vacuoles (BcCV), assessed by LAMP1 and Lysotracker labelling occurred shortly after internalization. The highest ratio of LAMP1(+)-BcCV was found for strain M2. This strain was able to survive longer than strain B10502 which routes to LAMP1 containing vacuoles to a lesser extent. In addition, strain M2 stimulated expression of MHCII by infected cells. Confocal analyses 60 or 90 min post-infection showed different percentages of co-localization of bacteria with Lysotracker. Results suggest strain-dependent interaction and intracellular killing of B. cereus by phagocytic cells. These findings could be relevant for the pathogenic potential of Bacillus cereus strains.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimento

Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de las cofradías y hermandades en la Castilla bajomedieval: el ejemplo de Jerez de la Frontera

The study of brotherhoods and confraternities in the South of Castile is very broad in the centuries after Middle Ages. But in the Middle Ages, when brotherhoods and confraternities appeared, there are lot of difficulties due to scarcity of documentation. In previous works we have already studied the example of Seville. Now we study the case of Jerez de la Frontera, the second town in the Kingdom of Seville, because in this city we can find an older documentation and a previous development, which allows us to shed light on the dark origins of these institutions.El estudio de las hermandades y cofradías en el Sur de Castilla es muy amplio en lo que se refiere a los siglos posteriores a la Edad Media. En cambio durante el periodo medieval, momento en el que tienen su origen estas instituciones, las dificultades son mayores debido a la escasez de documentos. Ya estudiado el caso de Sevilla, abordamos en este trabajo el ejemplo de la segunda ciudad del Reino hispalense, Jerez de la Frontera, cuya documentación más antigua y un momento de desarrollo evolutivo anterior nos arroja nuevas luces a los aún oscuros orígenes de las cofradías y hermandades andaluzas

Los beneficios parroquiales: un acercamiento al estudio del clero secular

Las escribanías públicas sevillanas durante el periodo estudiado (1441-1504) tuvieron entre sus clientes más activos a un número destacado de miembros del clero secular. Ello nos ha permitido descender al nivel del clero de las parroquias para estudiarlo desde el punto de vista del beneficio parroquial gozado. La imagen obtenida del beneficio es la de una propiedad más dentro del patrimonio clerical, susceptible de cualquier negocio.The notary public offices in Seville had a significant number of members of the secular clergy amongst their more active customers. This fact allows us to study the parochial clergy from the point of view of parish benefits. Thus, we can deduce that priests enjoyed this kind of benefits as an important part of their personal assets, and they used them in all kinds of business.Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Departamento de Geografía, Historia y FilosofíaPostprin

Fate of Bacillus cereus within phagocytic cells

In this study we assessed the interaction of different strains of Bacillus cereus with murine peritoneal macrophages and cultured phagocytic cells (Raw 264.7 cells). Association, internalization, intracellular survival, routing of bacteria to different compartments and expression of MHCII were assessed in cells infected with different strains of B. cereus in vegetative form. Association values (adhering + internalized bacteria) and phagocytosis were higher for strain B10502 than those for strains 2 and M2. However, after 90 min interaction, intracellular survival was higher for strain 2 than for strains M2 and B10502. Acquisition of lysosomal markers by B. cereus containing vacuoles (BcCV), assessed by LAMP1 and Lysotracker labelling occurred shortly after internalization. The highest ratio of LAMP1(+)-BcCV was found for strain M2. This strain was able to survive longer than strain B10502 which routes to LAMP1 containing vacuoles to a lesser extent. In addition, strain M2 stimulated expression of MHCII by infected cells. Confocal analyses 60 or 90 min post-infection showed different percentages of co-localization of bacteria with Lysotracker. Results suggest strain-dependent interaction and intracellular killing of B. cereus by phagocytic cells. These findings could be relevant for the pathogenic potential of Bacillus cereus strains.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimento