Mapping wine tourism: A systematic literature review

This research makes an overview of the current scientific state of the art about Wine Tourism (WT). For this purpose, a systematic review of literature (Loureiro et al., 2020; Tranfield et al., 2003) was conducted to map wine tourism. The systematic analysis uses the main research articles published in the most relevant journals since 1997 (the first indexed studies were published in this year). The current study explored the objective/goals, methodologies, theories, constructs, moderators, mediators, antecedents, consequences, main conclusions and gaps, as well other relevant aspects of the research. A total of 2039 papers were collected from Web of Science (WoS) and 2178 papers were extracted from Scopus. First, duplications were removed, second for quality assessment, we matched each paper with the Academic Journal Guide 2018 from the Chartered Association of Business Schools (ABS) ranking so that only papers featuring in ABS 4, ABS3 and ABS2 were considered, 366 resulted Through abstract reading 234 papers were excluded. Additionally, from the initial literature review we found several papers being often cited, but not included in the selected 132 papers neither above ABS1. Most of those papers (30) with significant citations were from wine sector journals and, therefore, were included in the systematic review, which end up with a total of 162 papers to analyze (figure 1). From 1997 to 2010, a total of 44 articles were published in the following journals: Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Recreation Research, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, International Journal of Tourism Research, International Journal of Wine Business Research, Journal of Wine Research. Such studies were responsible for 57% of the articles published. From 2011 onwards the articles published more than doubled the previous period. From the 118 articles published after 2011, 58% were published on the following journals: Current Issues in Tourism; International Journal of Wine Business Research, Tourism Analysis, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, International Journal of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, Tourism Recreation Research, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, Tourism Planning and Development. Wine tourism sector has been studied using 38 different theories identified in the articles analyzed. Only 9 theories (51.9% of the total cited theories) are cited more than on time. The main theories cited in the papers include Servicescape (Bitner, 1992; Williams, 2021), Consumer behaviour (Loureiro et al., 2021; Schiffman et al., 2001), Experience economy (Pine and Gilmore, 1998; Vo Thanh and Kirova, 2018) Destination choice (Loureiro, 2020; Wu and Liang, 2020) and Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) (Ajzen, 1988, 2020; Sussman and Gifford, 2019). The articles published during the period of analysis on this topic are mostly based on empirical findings (92%), while 8% the articles analyzed are theoretical, and 16.1% are qualitative. The most common used data collection technique is the survey method. The systematic literature analysis also identified the principal constructs used in this research area. The most frequent antecedents of Loyalty are Involvement (12%) immediately followed by Experience (11%). Some other constructs observed are Perceived value (6%), Motivation (6%), Destination image (5%), Satisfaction (4%), Authenticity (3%), Quality (2%), Trust (2%), Service (2%) and Personal Attributes (2%). These 11 constructs represent a concentration of 55% within the antecedent’s constructs. Within the mediators and moderators, the most frequent used constructs we observe being mentioned in the literature were Satisfaction (13.7%), Involvement (12.3%), Winescape (8.2%), Intention to revisit (5.5%), Loyalty (4.1%), Motivation (4.1%) and Quality (4.1%). These 7 constructs are responsible for 52.1% of the total mediators and moderators mentioned in the literature. The consequents most observed are Intention to revisit (14.3%), Loyalty (11.4%), Intention to visit (8.6%), Intention to buy wine (7.1%), willingness to recommend (7.1%) and Satisfaction (7.1%). The 6 most frequent consequent constructs are accountable for 55.7% of the total constructs. This research is innovative and valuable once identifies and analyzes the main theories and constructs studied in wine tourism field since 1997 to actuality, being helpful in guiding scholars to new streams of research, allowing the progress in wine tourism knowledge. From a managerial perspective it’s very valuable to wine tourism and marketing managers, as provides important insights related with constructs that have a direct impact in wineries strategy and business. With the findings of this systematic literature review we were able to present a framework to show the main constructs and relationships used to study WT, present literature gaps and point out avenues for future research, in addition to providing businesses some guidelines on best practices.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A two-level method for isogeometric discretizations based on multiplicative Schwarz iterations

Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) is a computational technique for the numerical approximation of partial differential equations (PDEs). This technique is based on the use of spline-type basis functions, that are able to hold a global smoothness and allow to exactly capture a wide set of common geometries. The current rise of this approach has encouraged the search of fast solvers for isogeometric discretizations and nowadays this topic is receiving a lot of attention. In this framework, a desired property of the solvers is the robustness with respect to both the polynomial degree p and the mesh size h. For this task, in this paper we propose a two-level method such that a discretization of order p is considered in the first level whereas the second level consists of a linear or quadratic discretization. On the first level, we suggest to apply one single iteration of a multiplicative Schwarz method. The choice of the block-size of such an iteration depends on the spline degree p, and is supported by a local Fourier analysis (LFA). At the second level one is free to apply any given strategy to solve the problem exactly. However, it is also possible to get an approximation of the solution at this level by using an h-multigrid method. The resulting solver is efficient and robust with respect to the spline degree p. Finally, some numerical experiments are given in order to demonstrate the good performance of the proposed solver

Physical Properties of (2) Pallas

We acquired and analyzed adaptive-optics imaging observations of asteroid (2) Pallas from Keck II and the Very Large Telescope taken during four Pallas oppositions between 2003 and 2007, with spatial resolution spanning 32-88 km (image scales 13-20 km/pix). We improve our determination of the size, shape, and pole by a novel method that combines our AO data with 51 visual light-curves spanning 34 years of observations as well as occultation data. The shape model of Pallas derived here reproduces well both the projected shape of Pallas on the sky and light-curve behavior at all the epochs considered. We resolved the pole ambiguity and found the spin-vector coordinates to be within 5 deg. of [long, lat] = [30 deg., -16 deg.] in the ECJ2000.0 reference frame, indicating a high obliquity of ~84 deg., leading to high seasonal contrast. The best triaxial-ellipsoid fit returns radii of a=275 km, b= 258 km, and c= 238 km. From the mass of Pallas determined by gravitational perturbation on other minor bodies [(1.2 +/- 0.3) x 10-10 Solar Masses], we derive a density of 3.4 +/- 0.9 g.cm-3 significantly different from the density of C-type (1) Ceres of 2.2 +/- 0.1 g.cm-3. Considering the spectral similarities of Pallas and Ceres at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, this may point to fundamental differences in the interior composition or structure of these two bodies. We define a planetocentric longitude system for Pallas, following IAU guidelines. We also present the first albedo maps of Pallas covering ~80% of the surface in K-band. These maps reveal features with diameters in the 70-180 km range and an albedo contrast of about 6% wrt the mean surface albedo.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 6 table

HEMATOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR SPANISH IBEX

ABSTRACT: We studied blood samples from 529 Spanish ibexes (Capra pyrenaica) from different Andalusian mountain ranges in southern Spain, primarily from Sierra Nevada. For each sample, 13 hematologic and 32 biochemical parameters were analyzed. Within this database, we selected values obtained from live, free-ranging, physically restrained, clinically normal animals to determine reference intervals for these parameters. Distribution of values within each parameter was determined and differences in values between sex and age classes also were determined. We found significant differences in eight biochemical parameters among male and female ibexes. Significant differences in values for 20 hematologic and biochemical parameters between age classes also were found

Near-Infrared Mapping and Physical Properties of the Dwarf-Planet Ceres

We study the physical characteristics (shape, dimensions, spin axis direction, albedo maps, mineralogy) of the dwarf-planet Ceres based on high-angular resolution near-infrared observations. We analyze adaptive optics J/H/K imaging observations of Ceres performed at Keck II Observatory in September 2002 with an equivalent spatial resolution of ~50 km. The spectral behavior of the main geological features present on Ceres is compared with laboratory samples. Ceres' shape can be described by an oblate spheroid (a = b = 479.7 +/- 2.3 km, c = 444.4 +/- 2.1 km) with EQJ2000.0 spin vector coordinates RA = 288 +/- 5 deg. and DEC = +66 +/- 5 deg. Ceres sidereal period is measured to be 9.0741 +/- 0.0001 h. We image surface features with diameters in the 50-180 km range and an albedo contrast of ~6% with respect to the average Ceres albedo. The spectral behavior of the brightest regions on Ceres is consistent with phyllosilicates and carbonate compounds. Darker isolated regions could be related to the presence of frost.Comment: 11 pages, 8 Postscript figures, Accepted for publication in A&

Development of EST-SSR Markers by Data Mining in Three Species of Shrimp: Litopenaeus vannamei, Litopenaeus stylirostris, and Trachypenaeus birdy

Abstract We report on the data mining of publicly available Litopenaeus vannamei expressed sequence tags (ESTs) to generate simple sequence repeat (SSRs) markers and on their transferability between related Penaeid shrimp species. Repeat motifs were found in 3.8% of the evaluated ESTs at a frequency of one repeat every 7.8 kb of sequence data. A total of 206 primer pairs were designed, and 112 loci were amplified with the highest success in L. vannamei. A high percentage (69%) of EST-SSRs were transferable within the genus Litopenaeus. More than half of the amplified products were polymorphic in a small testing panel of L. vannamei. Evaluation of those primers in a larger testing panel showed that 72% of the markers fit Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which shows their utility for population genetic analysis. Additionally, a set of 26 of the EST-SSRs were evaluated for Mendelian segregation. A high percentage of monomorphic markers (46%) proved to be polymorphic by singles-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis. Because of the high number of ESTs available in public databases, a data mining approach similar to the one outlined here might yield high numbers of SSR markers in many animal taxa

Sperm survival and heterogeneity are correlated with fertility after intrauterine insemination in superovulated ewes

Abstract Efficient animal production involves accurate estimations of fertilizing ability. One key factor is the plasma membrane of the sperm cell, which is actively involved in the cascade of events before oocyte fusion. Many methods are used to analyze the characteristics of this membrane, including partition in aqueous two-phase systems which is an efficient method to analyze sperm surface changes accounting for loss of viability and different functional states. Centrifugal countercurrent distribution (CCCD) analysis can also be used in an aqueous two-phase system to determine the relationship between sperm parameters and in vivo fertility in ewes. In a previous work, we found a significant correlation between two post-CCCD parameters (heterogeneity and recovered viability) and field fertility when the same sample was used after cervical AI. The present study was intended to find out whether the control of several external factors that affect reproductive efficiency is able to increase the correlation coefficient between post-CCCD parameters and fertility. Thus, 90 Rasa aragonesa ewes were controlled on the same farm and received intrauterine inseminations using the same technical equipment. The fertilizing ability of the raw semen and sperm samples selected by a dextran/swim-up process was compared using a low number of spermatozoa per insemination (7 Â 10 7 ) to enhance possible fertility differences. A new post-CCCD parameter was considered; the loss of viability (LV) occurred during the CCCD process. This variable denotes the sperm surviving ability and corresponds to the difference between the total number of viable cells loaded and recovered after the CCCD run. The mean fertility of eight sperm control samples was 60% (range: 25-76%), and there was no significant correlation between standard parameters and in vivo fertility. LV ranged from 2 to 69% (average 27%) and was negatively correlated with fertility (r ¼ À0.914, P < 0.01). Ejaculate heterogeneity (H) ranged from 20 to 47% and was positively, but not significantly, correlated with fertility (r ¼ 0.391). A predictive equation for fertility was deduced by multiple analysis with a very high correlation coefficient (r ¼ 0.967), and level of significance (P < 0.005): predictive fertility PF ¼ 52.546 À 0.594 LV þ 0.665 H. The mean fertility of 13 swim-up selected samples was 63% (range: 25-86%). Again, only parameters derived from the CCCD analysis were highly correlated with fertility, especially LV and H (P < 0.05)

Physiological Effects of Tapering and Detraining in World-Class Kayakers

. Purpose: This study analyzed changes in neuromuscular, body composition, and endurance markers during 4 wk of tapering and subsequent 5 wk of reduced training (RT) or training cessation (TC). Methods: Fourteen world-class kayakers were randomly assigned to either a TC (n = 7) or an RT group (n = 7). One-repetition maximum (1RM) strength, mean concentric velocity with 45% 1RM (V 45% ) in the bench press (BP) and prone bench pull (PBP) exercises, and body composition assessments were conducted at the start (T0) and end (T1) of a 43-wk training program, after tapering for the world championships (T2) and after TC or RT (T3). A graded exercise test on a kayak ergometer for determination of maximal oxygen uptake at T0, T1, and T3 was also performed. Results: After tapering, no significant changes were observed in 1RM or V 45% . TC resulted in significantly greater declines in 1RM strength (j8.9% and j7.8%, P G 0.05, respectively, for BP and PBP) than those observed for RT (j3.9% and j3.4%). Decreases in V 45% in BP and PBP were larger for TC (j12.6% and j10.0%) than for RT (j9.0% and j6.7%). Increases in sum of eight skinfolds were observed after both TC and RT, whereas declines in maximal aerobic power were lower for RT (j5.6%) than for TC (j11.3%). Conclusions: Short-term TC results in large decreases in maximal strength and especially V 45% in highly trained athletes. These results suggest the need of performing a minimal maintenance program to avoid excessive declines in neuromuscular function in cases where a prolonged break from training is required. Key Words: TRAINING CESSATION, REDUCED TRAINING, MAXIMAL STRENGTH, MUSCLE POWER, CANOEING A well-known and proven effective coaching strategy for improving sports performance before main competition events is to incorporate a tapering phase of significantly reduced training (RT) volume while the intensity is kept high The incorporation of periods of 3-6 wk of training cessation (TC) after the conclusion of the main event of the season to allow physical and mental recovery before the start of a new training cycle is a common training practice in many sports. In these situations, training reduction is generally preferred over complete exercise stoppage because it seems to be more effective to avoid the negative impact of insufficient training stimuli on athletic performance (21). The magnitude of performance declines observed after detraining periods appears to be related to the chosen recovery strategy (i.e., reduced training (RT) or complete training cessation (TC)), initial fitness level, and total time under reduced or absence of training stimuli Current research seems to indicate that neuromuscular performance is more susceptible to decline because of detraining in highly trained athletes compared with recently or moderately trained individual