Are We Wasting Our Children's Time by Giving Them More Homework?

Following an identification strategy that allows us to largely eliminate unobserved student and teacher traits, we examine the effect of homework on math, science, English and history test scores for eighth grade students in the United States. Noting that failure to control for these effects yields selection biases on the estimated effect of homework, we find that math homework has a large and statistically meaningful effect on math test scores throughout our sample. However, additional homework in science, English and history are shown to have little to no impact on their respective test scores.first differencing, unobserved traits, instrumental variable, selection bias, homework

Simultaneous ipsilateral proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal dislocation of the fifth phalanx: A case report

We propose, analyze and demonstrate the optoelectronic phase-locking of optical waves whose frequencies are chirped continuously and rapidly with time. The optical waves are derived from a common optoelectronic swept-frequency laser based on a semiconductor laser in a negative feedback loop, with a precisely linear frequency chirp of 400 GHz in 2 ms. In contrast to monochromatic waves, a differential delay between two linearly chirped optical waves results in a mutual frequency difference, and an acoustooptic frequency shifter is therefore used to phase-lock the two waves. We demonstrate and characterize homodyne and heterodyne optical phase-locked loops with rapidly chirped waves, and show the ability to precisely control the phase of the chirped optical waveform using a digital electronic oscillator. A loop bandwidth of ∼ 60 kHz, and a residual phase error variance of < 0.01 rad^2 between the chirped waves is obtained. Further, we demonstrate the simultaneous phase-locking of two optical paths to a common master waveform, and the ability to electronically control the resultant two-element optical phased array. The results of this work enable coherent power combining of high-power fiber amplifiers—where a rapidly chirping seed laser reduces stimulated Brillouin scattering—and electronic beam steering of chirped optical waves

Designing and analyzing park sensor system for efficient and sustainable car park area management

Many problems have been seen in cities because of increasing vehicle density. One of these problems is vehicle density in parking lots. People look for empty parking areas and they spend too much time. While people look for empty parking areas, CO2 (carbon dioxide) emission and energy consumption increase due to density in parking lots. We worked to solve these problems by doing Magnetic Car Park Sensor. Magnetic Car Park Sensor is the system which detects cars in car parks. After cars detected with the system, the system sends information to center server and we can see information data in the system interface. The system helps people to find empty parking lots. As people find empty car park areas fastly, energy consumption and CO2 emission are decreased significantly

The fluctuating resource hypothesis explains invasibility, but not exotic advantage following disturbance

Invasibility is a key indicator of community susceptibility to changes in structure and function. The fluctuating resource hypothesis (FRH) postulates that invasibility is an emergent community property, a manifestation of multiple processes that cannot be reliably predicted by individual community attributes like diversity or productivity. Yet, research has emphasized the role of these individual attributes, with the expectation that diversity should deter invasibility and productivity enhance it. In an effort to explore how these and other factors may influence invasibility, we evaluated the relationship between invasibility and species richness, productivity, resource availability, and resilience in experiments crossing disturbance with exotic seed addition in 1-m2 plots replicated over large expanses of grasslands in Montana, USA and La Pampa, Argentina. Disturbance increased invasibility as predicted by FRH, but grasslands were more invasible in Montana than La Pampa whether disturbed or not, despite Montana´s higher species richness and lower productivity. Moreover, invasibility correlated positively with nitrogen availability and negatively with native plant cover. These patterns suggested that resource availability and the ability of the community to recover from disturbance (resilience) better predicted invasibility than either species richness or productivity, consistent with predictions from FRH. However, in ambient, unseeded plots in Montana, disturbance reduced native cover by >50% while increasing exotic cover >200%. This provenance bias could not be explained by FRH, which predicts that colonization processes act on species? traits independent of origins. The high invasibility of Montana grasslands following disturbance was associated with a strong shift from perennial to annual species, as predicted by succession theory. However, this shift was driven primarily by exotic annuals, which were more strongly represented than perennials in local exotic vs. native species pools. We attribute this provenance bias to extrinsic biogeographic factors such as disparate evolutionary histories and/or introduction filters selecting for traits that favor exotics following disturbance. Our results suggest that (1) invasibility is an emergent property best explained by a community´s efficiency in utilizing resources, as predicted by FRH but (2) understanding provenance biases in biological invasions requires moving beyond FRH to incorporate extrinsic biogeographic factors that may favor exotics in community assembly.Fil: Pearson, Dean. United State Forest Service; Estados Unidos. University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: Ortega, Yvette K.. United State Forest Service; Estados UnidosFil: Villarreal, Diego. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Lekberg, Ylva. University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: Cock, Marina Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Eren, Ozkan. Adnan Menderes Universitesi; TurquíaFil: Hierro, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentin

Invasive and non-invasive congeneric Centaurea (Asteraceae) show contrasting patterns of herbivory by snails

Background and aims – Once introduced into new regions, exotic species often experience shifts in resource allocation in response to the different environmental conditions found in the introduction range. Plants naturally respond to specialist herbivores with quantitative defences, by producing large amounts of toxic and non-toxic compounds that typically difficult digestion (e.g. tannins, cellulose), and to generalist herbivores with qualitative defences, like specialized noxious chemicals (e.g. alkaloids). The Shifting Defence Hypothesis (SDH) poses that invasive plants decrease the production of defences against specialist herbivores in their introduction range, where specialist herbivores are usually absent, while boosting the production of defences against generalist herbivores. Methods – We empirically assessed the response of a generalist herbivore, the common garden snail (Helix aspersa), to feeding with leaves of the annual herb Centaurea sulphurea, native to Europe and naturalized in North America; and the congeneric species C. solstitialis, which is also native to Europe and invasive in the Americas. Key results – Snails fed with leaves from Spanish native populations the non-invasive C. sulphurea grew significantly less compared to snails fed with leaves from non-native California. For snails fed with the invasive C. solstitialis significant differences were also found among regions, but the response was more complex, depending on population, with snails fed with Turkish and Australian plants presenting higher growth rates than the rest of the regions. Conclusions – Overall, our results stressed the importance of colonization history in shaping adaptive responses, and the stochasticity associated with colonization events of two closely related species, with contrasting invasive success and responses to herbivory.Fil: Filipe, João C.. Universidad de Coimbra; PortugalFil: Jorge, Andreia. Universidad de Coimbra; PortugalFil: Eren, Ozkan. Adnan Menderes Universitesi; TurquíaFil: Sotes, Gastón. Universidad de Concepción. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas. Departamento de Botánica; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Hierro, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Montesinos, Daniel. Universidad de Coimbra; Portuga

Combining biogeographical approaches to advance invasion ecology and methodology

Understanding the causes of plant invasions requires that parallel field studies are conducted in the native and introduced ranges to elucidate how biogeographical shifts alter the individual performance, population success and community-level impacts of invading plants. Three primary methods deployed in in situ biogeographical studies are directed surveys, where researchers seek out populations of target species, randomized surveys and field experiments. Despite the importance of these approaches for advancing biogeographical research, their relative merits have not been evaluated. We concurrently deployed directed surveys, randomized surveys and in situ field experiments for studying six grassland plant species in the native and introduced ranges. Metrics included plant size, fecundity, recruitment, abundance and invader impact, as well as soil properties and root associations with putative fungal mutualists and pathogens. Consistent with key invasion hypotheses, Bromus tectorum experienced increased size and fecundity in the introduced range linked to population increases and significant invader impacts, along with altered fungal associations. However, performance differences did not predict population increases and invader impacts across species. A notable finding was that disturbance facilitated greater recruitment in the introduced range for most species, thereby playing a crucial, though underappreciated, role in driving invader success. Directed surveys consistently generated information on plant performance and fungal associations. However, soil sampling suggested that directed surveys may have been biased towards disturbed conditions for half the species. Randomized surveys generated robust data for population comparisons and impact, but generally failed to produce performance metrics for species that were uncommon or flowered outside the peak sampling window. Field experiments controlled for bias and confounding factors and provided rare information on recruitment and disturbance effects, but poor recruitment in the native range and ethical constraints on growing invaders in the introduced range hindered comparisons of performance and plant–fungal interactions. Synthesis. Each method had strengths and weaknesses. However, when combined they provided complementary information to paint the most complete biogeographical picture to date for several introduced plants. We propose a hybrid approach to optimize biogeographical studies.Fil: Pearson, Dean. University of Montana; Estados Unidos. United States Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station; ArgentinaFil: Eren, Ozkan. Adnan Menderes Universitesi; TurquíaFil: Ortega, Yvette K.. United States Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station; ArgentinaFil: Hierro, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Karakuş, Birsen. Adnan Menderes Universitesi; TurquíaFil: Kala, Sascha. University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: Bullington, Lorinda. Mpg Ranch; Estados UnidosFil: Lekberg, Ylva. University of Montana; Estados Unidos. Mpg Ranch; Estados Unido

Fractures of the bilateral distal radius and scaphoid: a case report

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Pyomyositis of tensor fascia lata: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Pyomyositis is a disease in which an abscess is formed deep within large striated muscles.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report the case of a 10-year-old boy who presented with fever and a painful hip and was subsequently diagnosed with pyomyositis of the tensor fascia lata. In children with clinical and laboratory findings of inflammation in the vicinity of the hip joint, the differential diagnosis includes transient synovitis, an early stage of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, infectious arthritis of the hip, rheumatologic diseases and extracapsular infection such as osteomyelitis.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of pyomyositis of the tensor fascia lata. Although pyomyositis is a rare disease and the differential diagnosis includes a variety of other commonly observed diseases, pyomyositis should be considered in cases where children present with fever, leukocytosis and localized pain.</p

Experimental admixture among geographically disjunct populations of an invasive plant yields a global mosaic of reproductive incompatibility and heterosis

Invasive species have the ability to rapidly adapt in the new regions where they are introduced. Classic evolutionary theory predicts that the accumulation of genetic differences over time in allopatric isolation may lead to reproductive incompatibilities resulting in decreases in reproductive success and, eventually, to speciation. However, experimental evidence for this theoretical prediction in the context of invasive species is lacking. We aimed to test for the potential of allopatry to determine reproductive success of invasive plants, by experimentally admixing genotypes from six different native and non-native regions of Centaurea solstitialis, an invasive forb for which preliminary studies have detected some degree of reproductive isolation between one native and non-native region. We grew plants under common garden conditions and outcrossed individuals originating from different source populations in the native and introduced range to evaluate reproductive success in terms of seed to ovule ratio produced. We also assessed geographical and genetic isolation among C. solstitialis regions as a potential driving factor of reproductive success. Experimental admixture generated mixed fitness effects, including significant increases, decreases and no differences in reproductive success as compared to crosses within population (control). Centaurea solstitialis invasive populations in the Americas generated preponderantly negative fitness interactions, regardless of the pollen source, suggesting selection against immigrants and reinforcement. Other non-native populations (Australia) as well as individuals from the native range of Spain demonstrated an increase in fitness for between-region crosses, indicating inbreeding. These differences show an asymmetrical response to inter-regional gene flow, but no evidence of isolation by distance. Synthesis. The speed of adaptation and the accumulation of reproductive incompatibilities among allopatric populations of invasive species might be more rapid than previously assumed. Our data show a global mosaic of reproductive outputs, showcasing an array of evolutionary processes unfolding during colonization at large biogeographical scales.Fil: Irimia, Ramona E.. Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Alemania. Universidad de Coimbra; PortugalFil: Hierro, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Branco, Soraia. Universidad de Coimbra; PortugalFil: Sotes, Gastón Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Cavieres, Lohengrin A.. Universidad de Chile; Chile. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Eren, Ozkan. Adnan Menderes Universitesi; TurquíaFil: Lortie, Christopher J.. University of York; Reino UnidoFil: French, Kristine. No especifíca;Fil: Callaway, Ragan M.. University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: Montesinos, Daniel. Universidad de Coimbra; Portuga