Infections Du Site Opératoire À l’Hôpital National De Zinder, Niger: Aspects Épidémiologiques Et Bactériologiques

Objectif : Rapporter les caractéristiques épidémiologiques et bactériologiques des infections du site opératoire (ISO) dans les services de chirurgie de l'hôpital national de Zinder, Niger. Patients et méthodes : Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale qui s’est déroulée sur une période de 5 mois (Mai à Aout 2016) aux services de chirurgie et de laboratoire de l’Hôpital National de Zinder (HNZ) au Niger incluant tous les patients opérés et ayant développé une ISO. Résultats : Durant l’étude, 485 patients avaient été opérés et 38 cas d’ISO étaient enregistrés soit une incidence de 7,83 %. L’âge médian était de 31,5 ans (8-78 ans). Le sexe masculin était majoritaire avec un sexratio de 6,6 (33/5). Les urgences chirurgicales représentaient 57,9% des cas (n=22). Selon la classification d’Alte Meier, 13 cas (34,2%) étaient considérés comme une chirurgie contaminée et 21 cas (55,3%) une chirurgie sale. Les ISO étaient superficielles dans 36,8% (n=14), profondes dans 42,1% (n=16). Sur les 38 prélèvements analysés, 33 cultures étaient positives soit 86,8%. Les entérobactéries représentaient 69,7% (n=23), les Cocci à Gram positif 24,2% (n=8). Escherichia coli était l’espèce prédominante avec 45,5% (n=15), suivie de Staphylococcus aureus avec 18,2% (n=6). La majeure partie des cultures positives provenait du service de chirurgie viscérale 15 cas (45,5%) puis de l’urologie et de traumatologie-orthopédie avec respectivement 10 cas (30,3%) et 8 cas (24,2%). La quasi-totalité des entérobactéries était résistante aux antibiotiques usuels (amoxicilline, amoxicilline-acide clavulanique) et plus de 84% étaient résistantes à la ceftriaxone. En général les bacilles Gram négatifs étaient sensibles à l’imipenème (100%), la colistine (93,8%), l’aztréonam (68,7%) et le chloramphénicol (47,8%). Les cocci-Gram positifs étaient sensibles à la vancomycine, au chloramphénicol et à l’érythromycine dans respectivement 100% ; 62,5% et 57,1%. Conclusion : Les infections du site opératoires représentent un problème majeur. La fréquence des ISO rend indispensable la mise en place d'une équipe multidisciplinaire pour la surveillance de celles-ci. Le fort taux de résistance aux antibiotiques usuels doit susciter des actions préventives et systématiser l’examen bactériologique en cas de suppurations postopératoires. Objective: To report the epidemiological and bacteriological characteristics of surgical site infections (SSI) in the surgical departments of Zinder National Hospital. Patients and methods: This was a cross-sectional study that took place over a period of 5 months (May to August 2016) at the Zinder National Hospital (HNZ) Surgical and Laboratory Services in Niger including all patients operated on and having developed an SSI. Results: During the study, 485 patients had been operated on and 38 cases of ISO were recorded with an incidence of 7.83%. The median age was 31.5 years (8-78 years). The male sex was in the majoritywith a sex ratio of 6.6 (33/5). Surgical emergencies accounted for 57.9% of cases (n = 22). According to Altemeier's classification, 13 cases (34.2%) were considered as contaminated surgery and 21 cases (55.3%) were dirty surgery. Surgical site infections were superficial in 36.8% (n = 14), deep in 42.1% (n = 16). Of the 38 samplings analyzed, 33 cultures were positive, i.e. 86.8%. The enterobacteria accounted for 69.7% (n = 23), Gram-positive Cocci 24.2% (n = 8). Escherichia coli was the predominant species with 45.5% (n = 15), followed by Staphylococcus aureus with 18.2% (n = 6). The majority of positive cultures came from the visceral surgery department 15 cases (45.5%) followed by urology and orthopedic trauma with respectively 10 cases (30.3%) and 8 cases (24.2%). Virtually all enterobacteria were resistant to the usual antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillinclavulanic acid) and more than 84% were resistant to ceftriaxone. In general Gram-negative bacilli were sensitive to imipenem (100%), colistin (93.8%), aztreonam (68.7%) and chloramphenicol (47.8%). Gram-positive cocci were sensitive to vancomycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin in 100%, respectively; 62.5% and 57.1%. Conclusion: Surgical site infections represent a major problem. The frequency of SSI makes it essential to set up a multidisciplinary team to monitor them. The high rate of resistance to the usual antibiotics must provoke preventive actions and systematize the bacteriological examination in case of postoperative suppuration

Impact of mass azithromycin distribution on malaria parasitemia during the low-transmission season in Niger: a cluster-randomized trial.

We assessed the effect of mass azithromycin treatment on malaria parasitemia in a trachoma trial in Niger. Twenty-four study communities received treatment during the wet, high-transmission season. Twelve of the 24 communities were randomized to receive an additional treatment during the dry, low-transmission season. Outcome measurements were conducted at the community-level in children < 1-72 months of age in May-June 2011. Parasitemia was higher in the 12 once-treated communities (29.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 21.5-40.0%) than in the 12 twice-treated communities (19.5%, 95% CI = 13.0-26.5%, P = 0.03). Parasite density was higher in once-treated communities (354 parasites/μL, 95% CI = 117-528 parasites/μL) than in twice-treated communities (74 parasites/μL, 95% CI = 41-202 parasites/μL, P = 0.03). Mass distribution of azithromycin reduced malaria parasitemia 4-5 months after the intervention. The results suggest that drugs with antimalaria activity can have long-lasting impacts on malaria during periods of low transmission

Cowpea leaf width correlates with above ground biomass across diverse environments

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) yields within the dry savannahs of Sub-Saharan Africa are low. Given the contribution of cowpea to food security in this region, it is essential that high-yielding varieties are developed to improve crop productivity in a sustainable manner. Identifying morphological or physiological traits that correlate with biomass could assist breeders with rapid screening of diverse germplasm. This study investigated 23 diverse Nigerian cowpea lines in an environmentally controlled greenhouse and 50 diverse lines from a Multiparent Advanced Generation Intercross (MAGIC) population in the field to identify easily measurable traits associated with high above ground biomass. Correlation analyses found that leaf traits were significantly and positively correlated with above ground biomass, and the leaf width of the youngest fully expanded leaf was the best indicator of biomass yield. Analysis of variance identified significant differences among the genotypes for all measured traits, indicating that there is genetic variation among these varieties and opportunity for selection. These results from the greenhouse and the field indicate that the leaf width of the youngest fully expanded leaf can be used to rapidly select cowpea lines with high biomass production potential

Genomics, genetics and breeding of tropical legumes for better livelihoods of smallholder farmers

Legumes are important components of sustainable agricultural production, food, nutrition and income systems of developing countries. In spite of their importance, legume crop production is challenged by a number of biotic (diseases and pests) and abiotic stresses (heat, frost, drought and salinity), edaphic factors (associated with soil nutrient deficits) and policy issues (where less emphasis is put on legumes compared to priority starchy staples). Significant research and development work have been done in the past decade on important grain legumes through collaborative bilateral and multilateral projects as well as the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes (CRP‐GL). Through these initiatives, genomic resources and genomic tools such as draft genome sequence, resequencing data, large‐scale genomewide markers, dense genetic maps, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and diagnostic markers have been developed for further use in multiple genetic and breeding applications. Also, these mega‐initiatives facilitated release of a number of new varieties and also dissemination of on‐the‐shelf varieties to the farmers. More efforts are needed to enhance genetic gains by reducing the time required in cultivar development through integration of genomics‐assisted breeding approaches and rapid generation advancement