2,304 research outputs found
Modular Termination Proofs of Recursive Java Bytecode Programs by Term Rewriting
In earlier work we presented an approach to prove termination of
non-recursive Java Bytecode (JBC) programs automatically. Here,
JBC programs are first transformed to finite termination graphs
which represent all possible runs of the program.
Afterwards, the termination graphs are translated to term
rewrite systems (TRSs) such that termination of the resulting TRSs
implies termination of the original JBC programs. So in this way,
existing techniques and tools from term rewriting can be used to
prove termination of JBC automatically. In this paper, we improve
this approach substantially in two ways:
(1) We extend it in order to also analyze recursive JBC programs.
To this end, one has to represent call stacks of arbitrary
size.
(2) To handle JBC programs with several methods, we modularize our
approach in order to re-use termination graphs and TRSs for the
separate methods and to prove termination of the resulting TRS
in a modular way.
We implemented our approach in the tool AProVE. Our experiments show
that the new contributions increase the power of termination analysis
for JBC significantly
EU Company Taxation in Case of a Common Tax Base: A Computer-based Calculation and Comparison Using the Enhanced Model of the European Tax Analyzer
Within the EU the relation between financial and tax accounting will be significantly influenced by the regulation adopted in June 2002 that obliges all listed companies to prepare their consolidated accounts according to International Accounting Standards / International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS). Since dependency of financial and tax accounting according to different degrees prevails in all EU member states a linkage between IAS/IFRS and tax accounting seems to be possible. Compared to national GAAP the advantage of IAS/IFRS as a starting point for tax accounting derives from the advantages of the creation of a common tax base in the EU. However, the adoption of IAS/IFRS has to be restricted to those standards that are convenient for tax purposes. In particular, this means that tax accounting still has to follow the realisation principle as a general principle; the IAS/IFRS ?fair value-accounting? therefore cannot be adopted for tax purposes. In this paper we present estimates for the consequences of IAS/IFRS-based tax accounting on the comparative effective tax burdens of companies in 13 countries (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, and the USA). Therefore, certain provisions of IAS/IFRS were considered as a starting point for the tax base. The effective tax burdens are calculated on the basis of the European Tax Analyzer model which was enhanced for the purposes of this study. A further question arises as to what extent an exclusive harmonisation of the tax base will effectively reduce the current EU-wide differences of effective company tax burdens. It turns out that a common tax base cannot alleviate the current EU-wide differences of effective company tax burdens. A major finding of our study reveals that the effective tax burdens in all countries considered here (except Ireland) tend to increase slightly since the tax bases tend to become broader. This offers the possibility to member states to reduce the nominal tax rate leaving the overall effective tax burden unchanged. A tax policy of tax cut cum base broadening would not only tend to increase the attractiveness of the member states as a location for companies. At the same time, this would reduce dispersions of effective tax burdens across industries. Therefore, such a tax policy is in line of the long term Community goals to become more competitive in international terms. --International Company Taxation,Effective Tax Burden,Tax Accounting,International Accounting Standards
Automated Termination Analysis of Java Bytecode by Term Rewriting
We present an automated approach to prove termination of Java Bytecode (JBC) programs by automatically transforming them to term rewrite systems (TRSs). In this way, the numerous techniques and tools developed for TRS termination can now be used for imperative object-oriented languages like Java, which can be compiled into JBC
Acoustic Stimuli Can Improve and Impair Somatosensory Perception
The integration of stimuli from different sensory modalities forms the basis for human perception. While the relevant impact of visual stimuli on the perception of other sensory modalities is recognized, much less is known about the impact of auditory stimuli on general sensory processing. This study aims to investigate the effect of acoustic stimuli on the processing of somatosensory stimuli using real noise (i.e., unpleasant everyday noise, RN) and neutral white noise ( WN ). To this purpose, we studied 20 healthy human subjects between 20 and 29 years of age (mean: 24, SD: ±1.9 years sex ratio 1:1). Somatosensory perception was evaluated using mechanical detection threshold (MDT) of the skin on the back of the dominant hand. To investigate the underlying mechanisms in the brain, fMRI was performed while applying acoustic stimulation (RN and WN) and tactile stimulation of the dominant hand. Here we show that acoustic stimulation with noise alters the perception of touch on the skin. We found that the effect of RN and WN differed. RN leads to an improved tactile perception, whereas WN impaired tactile perception. These changes go along with significant differences in brain activity and connectivity. WN is associated with a significant increase in brain activity in multiple brain areas such as the auditory and somatosensory cortex, parietal association cortex, and the thalamus compared to RN . With tactile stimulation of the skin, the flow of information in these brain areas is altered. While with RN the information flow from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex is prominent, the network activity pattern changes under WN revealing an increase in interaction between multiple networks. Unpleasant noise inhibits the multisensory integration and enables a more efficient unimodal perception in the somatosensory system, improving perception. Whether this is to be interpreted as a temporary increase in phasic alertness or by a stronger filter function of the thalamus with a preference for unimodal stimuli is still open for debate
Local Electronic Structure in AlN Studied by Single-Crystal ÂČâ·Al and ÂčâŽN NMR and DFT Calculations
Both the chemical shift and quadrupole coupling tensors for 14 N and 27 Al in the wurtzite structure of aluminum nitride have been determined to high precision by single-crystal NMR spectroscopy. A homoepitaxially grown AlN single crystal with known morphology was used, which allowed for optical alignment of the crystal on the goniometer axis. From the analysis of the rotation patterns of 14 N ( I=1 ) and 27 Al ( I=5/2 ), the quadrupolar coupling constants were determined to Ï(14N)=(8.19±0.02) kHz, and Ï(27Al)=(1.914±0.001) MHz. The chemical shift parameters obtained from the data fit were ÎŽiso=â(292.6±0.6) ppm and ÎŽÎ=â(1.9±1.1) ppm for 14 N, and (after correcting for the second-order quadrupolar shift) ÎŽiso=(113.6±0.3) ppm and ÎŽÎ=(12.7±0.6) ppm for 27 Al. DFT calculations of the NMR parameters for non-optimized crystal geometries of AlN generally did not match the experimental values, whereas optimized geometries came close for 27 Al with ÏÂŻÂŻcalc=(1.791±0.003) MHz, but not for 14 N with ÏÂŻÂŻcalc=â(19.5±3.3) kHz
Differential effects of fenofibrate versus atorvastatin on the concentrations of E-selectin and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mixed hyperlipoproteinemia: a randomized cross-over trial
BACKGROUND: Diabetic dyslipoproteinemia is characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and often elevated LDL-cholesterol and is a strong risk factor for atherosclerosis. Adhesion molecule levels are elevated both in hyperlipoproteinemia and diabetes mellitus. It is unclear whether fibrate or statin therapy has more beneficial effects on adhesion molecule concentrations. METHODS: Atorvastatin (10 mg/d) was compared to fenofibrate (200 mg/d) each for 6 weeks separated by a 6 week washout period in 11 patients (6 male, 5 female; 61.8 ± 8.2 years; body mass index 29.8 ± 3.1 kg/m(2)) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (HbA(1c )7.3 ± 1.1 %) and mixed hyperlipoproteinemia using a randomized, cross-over design. Fasting blood glucose, HbA(1)c, lipid parameters, E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and fibrinogen concentrations were determined before and after each drug. RESULTS: Glucose and HbA(1)c concentrations remained unchanged during the whole study period. LDL cholesterol was reduced during atorvastatin therapy, triglycerides were lowered more effectively with fenofibrate. Comparison of pre- and postreatment concentrations of E-selectin showed a reduction during atorvastatin (-7 %, p = 0.11) and fenofibrate (-10 %, p < 0.05) therapy. Atorvastatin treatment reduced VCAM-1 levels by 4% (p < 0.05), while VCAM-1 concentrations remained unchanged (+1%, ns) during fenofibate therapy. However, direct comparisons of post-treatment levels during both forms of therapy were not of statistical significance. ICAM-1 levels were not influenced by either form of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the different beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, both drugs appear to lower adhesion molecule plasma concentrations in a different manner in patients with type 2 diabetes and mixed hyperlipoproteinemia. Our observations should be confirmed in a larger cohort of such patients
UBCÂźRapid Test for detection of carcinoma in situ for bladder cancer
UBCÂźRapid Test is a test that detects fragments of cytokeratins 8 and 18 in
urine. We present results of a multicentre study measuring UBCÂźRapid Test in
bladder cancer patients and healthy controls with focus on carcinoma in situ
(CIS) and high-grade bladder cancer. From our study with N = 452 patients, we
made a stratified sub-analysis for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder.
Clinical urine samples were used from 87 patients with tumours of the urinary
bladder (23 carcinoma in situ, 23 non-muscle-invasive low-grade tumours, 21
non-muscle-invasive high-grade tumours and 20 muscle-invasive high-grade
tumours) and from 22 healthy controls. The cut-off value was defined at 10.0
”g/L. Urine samples were analysed by the UBCŸRapid Test point-of-care system
(concile Omega 100 POC reader). Pathological levels of UBC Rapid Test in urine
are higher in patients with bladder cancer in comparison to the control group
(p < 0.001). Sensitivity was calculated at 86.9% for carcinoma in situ, 30.4%
for non-muscle-invasive low-grade bladder cancer, 71.4% for nonmuscle-invasive
high grade bladder cancer and 60% for muscle-invasive high-grade bladder
cancer, and specificity was 90.9%. The area under the curve of the
quantitative UBCÂźRapid Test using the optimal threshold obtained by
receiveroperated curve analysis was 0.75. Pathological values of UBCÂźRapid
Test in urine are higher in patients with high-grade bladder cancer in
comparison to low-grade tumours and the healthy control group. UBCÂźRapid Test
has potential to be more sensitive and specific urinary protein biomarker for
accurate detection of high-grade patients and could be added especially in the
diagnostics for carcinoma in situ and non-muscle-invasive high-grade tumours
of urinary bladder cancer
Reaction time and brake pedal force after total knee replacement: timeframe for return to car driving
Purpose: This prospective cohort study aimed to examine objective and subjective parameters in patients who underwent total knee replacement (TKR) to assess from when on driving a car can be deemed safe again.
Methods: Thirty patients (16 women, 14 men, age 66±11 years) who received TKR of the right knee and 45 healthy controls (26 women, 19 men, age 32±9 years) were asked to perform an emergency braking manoeuvre using a driving simulator. Brake pedal force (BPF), neuronal reaction time (NRT), brake reaction time (BRT), and subjective parameters (pain, subjective driving ability) were measured preoperatively as well as 5 days, 3â4, and 6 weeks after TKR.
Results: Preoperative NRT was 506±162 ms, BRT 985±356 ms, and BPF 614±292 N. NRT increased to 561±218 ms, BRT to 1091±404 ms and BPF decreased to 411±191 N 5 days after TKR. Three weeks after surgery, NRT was 581±164 ms and BRT 1013±260 ms, while BPF increased to 555±200 N. Only BPF showed signifcant diferences (p<0.01). In week
6, all parameters were restored to baseline levels; patients showed signifcant pain decrease and evaluated their driving abil ity as âgoodâ again.
Conclusion: BPF was the only parameter displaying a signifcant postoperative decrease. However, preoperative patientsâ baseline levels and subjective confdence in driving ability were only reached 6 weeks after the operation. These results indicate that a minimum waiting period of 6 weeks should be considered before patients can safely participate in road traffic at their individual preoperative safety level again.
Level of evidence II
A Combined Clinical and Serum Biomarker-Based Approach May Allow Early Differentiation Between Patients With Minor Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack as Well as Mid-term Prognostication
Background: Early differentiation between transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor
ischemic stroke (MIS) impacts on the patientâs individual diagnostic work-up and
treatment. Furthermore, estimations regarding persisting impairments after MIS are
essential to guide rehabilitation programs. This study evaluated a combined clinical- and
serum biomarker-based approach for the differentiation between TIA and MIS as well as
the mid-term prognostication of the functional outcome, which is applicable within the
first 24 h after symptom onset.
Methods: Prospectively collected data were used for a retrospective analysis including
the neurological deficit at admission (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS)
and the following serum biomarkers covering different pathophysiological aspects of
stroke: Coagulation (fibrinogen, antithrombin), inflammation (C reactive protein), neuronal
damage in the cellular [neuron specific enolase], and the extracellular compartment
[matrix metalloproteinase-9, hyaluronic acid]. Further, cerebral magnetic resonance
imaging was performed at baseline and day 7, while functional outcome was evaluated
with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) after 3, 6, and 12 months.
Results: Based on data from 96 patients (age 64 ± 14 years), 23 TIA patients (NIHSS
0.6 ± 1.1) were compared with 73 MIS patients (NIHSS 2.4 ± 2.0). In a binary logistic
regression analysis, the combination of NIHSS and serum biomarkers differentiated MIS
from TIA with a sensitivity of 91.8% and a specificity of 60.9% [area under the curve
(AUC) 0.84]. In patients with NIHSS 0 at admission, this panel resulted in a still acceptable
sensitivity of 81.3% (specificity 71.4%, AUC 0.69) for the differentiation between MIS (n =
16) and TIA (n = 14). By adding age, remarkable sensitivities of 98.4, 100, and 98.2% for
the prediction of an excellent outcome (mRS 0 or 1) were achieved with respect to time
points investigated within the 1-year follow-up. However, the specificity was moderate
and decreased over time (83.3, 70, 58.3%; AUC 0.96, 0.92, 0.91).
Conclusion: This pilot study provides evidence that the NIHSS combined with selected
serum biomarkers covering pathophysiological aspects of stroke may represent a useful
tool to differentiate between MIS and TIA within 24 h after symptom onset. Further, this
approach may accurately predict the mid-term outcome in minor stroke patients, which
might help to allocate rehabilitative resources
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