Net sea-air CO2 flux uncertainties in the Bay of Biscay based on the choice of wind speed products and gas transfer parameterizations

25 páginas, 4 figuras, 1 tablaThe estimation of sea-air CO2 fluxes are largely dependent on wind speed through the gas transfer velocity parameterization. In this paper, we quantify uncertainties in the estimation of the CO2 uptake in the Bay of Biscay resulting from using different sources of wind speed such as three different global reanalysis meteorological models (NCEP/NCAR 1, NCEP/DOE 2 and ERA-Interim), one regional high-resolution forecast model (HIRLAM-AEMet) and QuikSCAT winds, in combination with some of the most widely used gas transfer velocity parameterizations. Results show that net CO2 flux estimations during an entire seasonal cycle may differ up to 240% depending on the wind speed product and the gas exchange parameterization. The comparison of satellite and model derived winds with observations at buoys advises against the systematic overestimation of NCEP-2 and the underestimation of NCEP-1. In this region, QuikSCAT has the best performing, although ERA-Interim becomes the best choice in areas near the coastline or when the time resolution is the constraint.This work was developed and funded by the ECO project (MCyT REN2002-00503/MAR) and EU FP7 project CARBOCHANGE “Changes 5 in carbon uptake and emissions by oceans in a changing climate” under agreement no. 264879Peer reviewe

Impacto de la edad del donante-receptor en la supervivencia al trasplante cardiaco. Subanálisis del Registro Español de Trasplante Cardiaco

[Abstract] Introduction and objectives. The age of heart transplant recipients and donors is progressively increasing. It is likely that not all donor-recipient age combinations have the same impact on mortality. The objective of this work was to compare survival in transplant recipients according to donor-recipient age combinations. Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of transplants performed between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2017 in the Spanish Heart Transplant Registry. Pediatric transplants, retransplants and combined transplants were excluded (6505 transplants included). Four groups were considered: a) donor < 50 years for recipient < 65 years; b) donor < 50 years for recipient ≥ 65 years; c) donor ≥ 50 years for recipient ≥ 65 years, and d) donor ≥ 50 years for recipient < 65 years. Results. The most frequent group was young donor for young recipient (73%). There were differences in the median survival between the groups (P < .001): a) younger-younger: 12.1 years, 95%CI, 11.5-12.6; b) younger-older: 9.1 years, 95%CI, 8.0-10.5; c) older-older: 7.5 years, 95%CI, 2.8-11.0; d) older-younger: 10.5 years, 95%CI, 9.6-12.1. On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of mortality were the age of the donor and the recipient (0.008 and 0.001, respectively). The worst combinations were older-older vs younger-younger (HR, 1.57; 95%CI, 1.22-2.01; P < .001) and younger-older vs younger-younger (HR, 1.33; 95%CI, 1.12-1.58; P = .001). Conclusions. Age (of the donor and recipient) is a relevant prognostic factor in heart transplant. The donor-recipient age combination has prognostic implications that should be identified when accepting an organ for transplant.[Resumen] Introducción y objetivos. La edad de receptores y donantes cardiacos se está incrementando progresivamente. Es probable que no todas las combinaciones tengan el mismo impacto en la mortalidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la supervivencia de los pacientes trasplantados según la combinación de edades de donante y receptor. Métodos. Análisis retrospectivo del Registro Español de Trasplante Cardiaco de los trasplantes realizados entre el 1 de enero de 1993 y el 31 de diciembre de 2017. Se excluyeron los pediátricos, los retrasplantes y los trasplantes combinados (se incluyeron 6.505 trasplantes). Se consideraron 4 grupos: a) donante menor de 50 años para receptor menor de 65 años; b) donante menor de 50 años para receptor de edad ≥ 65 años; c) donante de edad ≥ 50 años para receptor de 65 o más, y d) donante de edad ≥ 50 años para receptor menor de 65. Resultados. El grupo más frecuente fue el de donante joven para receptor joven (73%). Hubo diferencias en la mediana de supervivencia entre los grupos (p < 0,001): a) joven-joven: 12,1 años (IC95%, 11,5-12,6); b) joven-mayor: 9,1 años (IC95%, 8,0-10,5); c) mayor-mayor: 7,5 años (IC95%, 2,8-11,0), y d) mayor-joven: 10,5 años (IC95%, 9,6-12,1). En el análisis multivariante, las edades del donante y del receptor resultaron predictoras independientes de la mortalidad (0,008 y 0,001 respectivamente). Las peores combinaciones fueron mayor-mayor frente a joven-joven (HR = 1,57; IC95%, 1,22-2,01; p < 0,001) y joven-mayor frente a joven-joven (HR = 1,33; IC95%, 1,12-1,58; p = 0,001). Conclusiones. La edad (del donante y del receptor) es un factor pronóstico relevante en el trasplante cardiaco. La combinación de edades de donante y receptor posee implicaciones pronósticas que se debe conocer a la hora de aceptar un órgano para trasplante

8‐Aminomethyl‐7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarins as Multitarget Leads for Alzheimer's Disease

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Domínguez, J., Fernández-Nieto, F., Brea, J., Catto, M., Paleo, M., & Porto, S. et al. (2016). 8-Aminomethyl-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarins as Multitarget Leads for Alzheimer's Disease. Chemistryselect, 1(11), 2742-2749, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201600735. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived VersionsThis work is part of our ongoing research in the discovery of multitarget therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). A literature screening, based on our recently proposed pharmacophore, led to the identification of 8‐aminomethyl‐7‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl coumarins as potential multitarget leads for AD. The results of a computer‐assisted protocol developed by us to validate multitarget hits for AD indicated that our coumarin candidates were viable leads only for AChE inhibition as later validated by biological assays. The results of BChE binding and propidium displacement assays indicate that our first generation compounds bind to the PAS site in AChE. We designed new generations of coumarin derivatives with a longer substituent at position 8 aimed at leads with more efficient interaction at the catalytic anionic site (CAS). Inhibition data and docking simulations indicated that an anilino‐capping group reached the CAS region of AChE and determined also a higher inhibitory potency towards BChE. The best compound obtained, with a N‐benzylpiperidine fragment, displayed sub‐micromolar affinity for AChE, affinity for BChE, and precluded Aβ‐amyloid aggregation with a potency similar to that of 9,10‐anthraquinone, making it a multitarget lead viable for further improvementFinancial support from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain (Project CTQ2014‐55208‐P) and the Xunta de Galicia (10CSA209063PR and GRC2014/029) is gratefully acknowledged. The Italian authors thank the University of Bari for partial financial support (Fondi di Ateneo 2014–2015)S

Prevalence, Incidence, and Outcomes of Hyperkalaemia in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction from a Spanish Multicentre Study: SPANIK-HF Design and Baseline Characteristics

[Abstract] Hyperkalaemia is a growing concern in the treatment of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) as it limits the use of some prognostic-modifying drugs and has a negative impact on prognosis. The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of hyperkalaemia in outpatients with HFrEF and its impact on achieving optimal medical treatment. For this purpose, a multicentre, prospective, and observational study was carried out on consecutive HFrEF patients who were monitored as outpatients in heart failure (HF) units and who, in the opinion of their doctor, received optimal medical treatment. A total of 565 HFrEF patients were included from 16 specialised HF units. The mean age was 66 ± 12 years, 78% were male, 45% had an ischemic cause, 39% had atrial fibrillation, 43% were diabetic, 42% had a glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.7 m2, and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 31 ± 7%. Treatment at the study entry included: 76% on diuretics, 13% on ivabradine, 7% on digoxin, 18.9% on angiotensin-conversing enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), 11.3% on angiotensin receptors blockers (ARBs), 63.8% on angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNi), 78.5% on mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and 92.9% on beta-blockers. Potassium levels in the baseline analysis were: ≤5 mEq/L = 80.5%, 5.1–5.4 mEq/L = 13.8%, 5.5–5.9 mEq/L = 4.6%, and ≥6 mEq/L = 1.06%. Hyperkalaemia was the reason for not prescribing or reaching the target dose of an MRAs in 34.8% and 12.5% of patients, respectively. The impact of hyperkalaemia on not prescribing or dropping below the target dose in relation to ACEi, ARBs, and ARNi was significantly less. In conclusion, hyperkalaemia is a frequent problem in the management of patients with HFrEF and a limiting factor in the optimisation of medical treatment.AstraZeneca Farmacéutica; ESR-17-1324

Crecimiento del biofouling en intercambiadores de calor-condensadores refrigerados con agua de mar

[ES] El objetivo de este experimento es el estudio del crecimiento del biofouling en intercambiadores de calor. Para ello se ha diseñado y construido una planta piloto en la cual cada uno de los tubos funciona como sistema independiente. En cada uno de los tubos se controlan parámetros como presión, temperatura y caudal, que definen indirectamente la capa de biofouling depositada en el interior del tubo. El seguimiento de estos parámetros permitirá establecer los valores de la resistencia a la transmisión de calor, resistencia friccional y velocidad del fluido.Eguía López, E.; Vidart, TF.; Bezanilla, JA.; Amieva Del Val, JJ.; Otero González, FM.; Río Calonge, B.; Girón Portilla, MA. (1996). Crecimiento del biofouling en intercambiadores de calor-condensadores refrigerados con agua de mar. Ingeniería del Agua. 3(4):45-56. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1996.2708SWORD455634Characklis, W. G. y Marshall, K. C. (1990). Biofilms, Wiley Series in Ecological and Applied Microbiology.Chenoweth, J. M. (1990) Final Report of the HTRI/TEMA Joint Committee to Review the Fouling Section of the TEMA Standards, Heat Transfer Engineering. 1 1, N°1, 73-107.Chow, W. (1985). Condenser Biofouling Control: The State of Art, Electrical Research Power Institute. 1-11.Flemming, H. C. (1990) Biofouling in Water Treatment, Proceedings of the International Workshops on Industrial Biofouling and Biocorrosion, Stuttgart, 47-80.Knox-Holmes, B. (1993) Biofouling Control with Low Levels of Copper and Chlorine, Biofouling, 7, 157-166.LeBleu, J. B. (1990) Protective Coatings for Cooling Water Systems in Southern Coastal Power Plants, Journal of Protective Coatings & Linings, 20-25.Lewis, J. R. y Mercer, A. D. (1984) Corrosion and Marine Growth on Offshore Structure, Ellis Horwood Limeted.Nosetani, T.; Hotta, Y.; Sato, S.; Onda K.; Nakamura, T. y Kato, Y. (1989). In-Situ Evaluation of Enhanced Heat Transfer Tubes for Surface Condenser (SC Tubes), National Heat Transfer Conference Philadelphia, 31, N° 1, 54-64.Sengupta, S.; Lira, R.; Poteat, L; Mussaili, Y. & Chow, W. (1987) Experimental Test Facility For Evaluating Marine Biofouling in Condensers: Test with Targeted Chlorination, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Division, 86, 15-22.Somerscales, E. F. C. y Kassemit, M. (1987) Fouling Due to Corrosion Products Formed on a Heat Transfers Surface, Journal of Heat Transfer, 109, 267-271.Tatnall, R. E. (1990) Case Histories: Biocorrosion, Proceedings of the International Workshops on Industrial Biofouling and Biocorrosion, Stuttgart, 165-185.Tijhuis, L. (1989) The Biofilm Airlift Suspension Reactor, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

First glimpse of the soft x-ray induced excited spin-state trapping effect dynamics on spin cross-over molecules

The dynamics of the soft x-ray induced excited spin state trapping (SOXIESST) effect of Fe(phen)(2)(NCS)(2) (Fe-phen) powder have been investigated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) using the total electron yield method, in a wide temperature range. The low-spin (LS) state is excited into the metastable high-spin (HS) state at a rate that depends on the intensity of the x-ray illumination it receives, and both the temperature and the intensity of the x-ray illumination will affect the maximum HS proportion that is reached. We find that the SOXIESST HS spin state transforms back to the LS state at a rate that is similar to that found for the light induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST) effect. We show that it is possible to use the SOXIESST effect in combination with the LIESST effect to investigate the influence of cooperative behavior on the dynamics of both effects. To investigate the impact of molecular cooperativity, we compare our results on Fe-phen with those obtained for Fe[Me(2)Pyrz](3)BH(2) (Fe-pyrz) powder, which exhibits a similar thermal transition temperature but with a hysteresis. We find that, while the time constant of the dynamic is identical for both molecules, the SOXIESST effect is less efficient at exciting the HS state in Fe-pyrz than in Fe-phen. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC