Mediadores del metabolismo de lípidos en el tejido adiposo y muscular: las adipomioquinas PTX3 y CCDC80, y la proteína de unión de ácidos grasos FATP1

[spa] El WAT se considera un tejido dinámico que secreta factores y dirige señales a otros tejidos, modulando a nivel sistémico el metabolismo de lípidos, la acción de la insulina, la homeostasis metabólica y la inmunidad. La acumulación grasa en VAT suele ir acompañada de una activación e infiltración de los ATMs, es responsable de una inflamación de bajo grado y de la liberación de factores promotores de insulinorresistencia. Las adipoquinas, son secretadas por los adipocitos y participan en el diálogo endocrino con otros tejidos. En la obesidad, el perfil de expresión de adipoquinas cambia en respuesta a la cantidad y la condición del órgano adiposo. En esta tesis se han estudiado dos potenciales adipoquinas: PTX3 y CCDC80. PTX3 aparece desregulada en la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico, sus niveles circulantes se correlacionaron inversamente con adiposidad, niveles de leptina, CRP e IL-6 en individuos sanos. Es este estudio demostró que los valores plasmáticos de PTX3 en una cohorte de 27 individuos delgados y 48 con sobrepeso correlacionaron negativamente con los niveles basales de triglicéridos y la secreción a insulina tras OGTT. En una segunda cohorte compuesta de 19 individuos delgados, 28 con sobrepeso y 15 obesos se observó una asociación inversa con el peso corporal y la relación cintura/cadera. En VAT se hallaron niveles de mRNA mayores en obesos que en delgados, correlacionando positivamente con los de IL-1β, y mayores en la fracción adipocitaria que en la estromovascular. En adipocitos SGBS cultivados, la expresión se incrementó en respuesta a IL-1β y TNFα pero no a IL-6 o insulina. PTX3 podría cumplir un papel en el control metabólico. Su expresión génica aumenta en VAT en la obesidad, pese a encontrarse unos menores niveles plasmáticos, y en respuesta a citoquinas proinflamatorias en adipocitos cultivados. CCDC80 es una proteína secretada por los adipocitos que regula la homeostasis energética en ratones con obesidad inducida por dieta. Su relación con la obesidad se desconocía. Nuestro estudio encontró un contenido en CCDC80 60% menor en VAT que en SAT en individuos delgados. Éste se vio incrementado en VAT de individuos obesos respecto a delgados. En una cohorte con distintos grados de obesidad, los niveles plasmáticos correlacionaron negativamente con la secreción de insulina y los niveles de glucosa tras OGTT, y positivamente con el recuento de neutrófilos sanguíneos y los niveles de MCP-1 circulantes. En otra cohorte de obesos mórbidos se encontraron asociaciones con el grado de esteatosis, los niveles circulantes de CRP y el espesor íntima-media carotídeo. Así, CCDC80 aparece sobreexpresada en VAT en obesidad y sus niveles se asocian con una mejora en la tolerancia a la glucosa pero también con marcadores inflamatorios, independientemente de la obesidad. En la obesidad mórbida, se asocian con un desajuste del perfil metabólico, incluyendo inflamación, hígado graso y enfermedad vascular. El paso limitante en la entrada y β-oxidación de FA de cadena larga es su transporte al interior celular y mitocondria mediante FAT o FATP1l y CPTs o CACT. FATP1 es capaz de incrementar la captación de ácidos grasos en músculo aunque su localización subcelular y mecanismo de acción, continúan siendo discutidos. Además, FATP1 podría dirigir el destino matebólico de los FAs captados. Nuestro estudio localizó FATP1 en fracciones de membrana externa e intermembrana mitocondriales en músculo esquelético de ratón, lo que podría determinar sus efectos metabólicos. La sobreexpresión de FATP1 incrementó la disponibilidad tanto de ácidos grasos sistémicos como triglicéridos intramusculares. No contribuyó a la desregulación metabólica inducida por la dieta grasa. Sin embargo, FATP1 produjo una hipercetonemia, probablemente secundaria al ahorro en la oxidación de cuerpos cetónicos resultante del incremento de la oxidación de los ácidos grasos muscular.[eng] WAT is a dynamic tissue that secretes factors to modulate sistemic lipid metabolism, insulin action, metabolic homeostasis and immunity. Fat accumulation in VAT is often accompanied by activation and infiltration of ATMs, is responsible for a low-grade inflammation and of the release of factors promoting insulin resistance. Adipokines are secreted by adipocytes and participate in the endocrine dialogue with other tissues. In obesity, the adipokine expression profile changes in response to the amount and condition of adiposity. We have explored two potential adipokines: PTX3 and CCDC80. PTX3 seems to be deregulated in obesity and metabolic syndrome, its circulating levels are inversely correlated with adiposity, leptin, CRP and IL-6 levels in healthy individuals. We have observed that PTX3 gene expression increased in VAT in obesity, despite lower plasma levels, and in response to proinflammatory cytokines in cultured SGBS adipocytes. CCDC80 is secreted by adipocytes and regulates energy homeostasis in mice with diet-induced obesity, its relationship with human obesity was unknown. We showed that CCDC80 is overexpressed in VAT in obesity and its levels are associated with an improvement in glucose tolerance, but with inflammatory markers independently of obesity. In morbid obesity, its levels are associated with an imbalance in the metabolic profile, including inflammation, fatty liver and vascular disease. The limiting step in the uptake and β-oxidation of long-chain FAs is their transport into the cell and mitochondria using FAT or FATP1, and CPTs or CACT. FATP1 increases FAs uptake into muscle although its subcellular location and mechanism of action are unknown. Our study located FATP1 in outer mitochondrial membrane and intermembrane space fractions in mouse skeletal muscle. FATP1 overexpression enhanced disposal of both intramuscular triglycerides and systemic fatty acids. However, FATP1 lead to hyperketonemia, likely secondary to the sparing of ketone body oxidation by the enhanced oxidation of fatty acids in muscle

GNIP1 E3 ubiquitin ligase is a novel player in regulating glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle.

Background: Glycogenin-interacting protein 1 (GNIP1) is a tripartite motif (TRIM) protein with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that interacts with glycogenin. These data suggest that GNIP1 could play a major role in the control of glycogen metabolism. However, direct evidence based on functional analysis remains to be obtained. Objectives: The aim of this study was 1) to define the expression pattern of glycogenin-interacting protein/ Tripartite motif containing protein 7 (GNIP/TRIM7) isoforms in humans, 2) to test their ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, and 3) to analyze the functional effects of GNIP1 on muscle glucose/glycogen metabolism both in human cultured cells and in vivo in mice. Results: We show that GNIP1 was the most abundant GNIP/TRIM7 isoform in human skeletal muscle, whereas in cardiac muscle only TRIM7 was expressed. GNIP1 and TRIM7 had autoubiquitination activity in vitro and were localized in the Golgi apparatus and cytosol respectively in LHCN-M2 myoblasts. GNIP1 overexpression increased glucose uptake in LHCN-M2 myotubes. Overexpression of GNIP1 in mouse muscle in vivo increased glycogen content, glycogen synthase (GS) activity and phospho-GSK-3α/β (Ser21/9) and phospho-Akt (Ser473) content, whereas decreased GS phosphorylation in Ser640. These modifications led to decreased blood glucose levels, lactate levels and body weight, without changing whole-body insulin or glucose tolerance in mouse. Conclusion: GNIP1 is an ubiquitin ligase with a markedly glycogenic effect in skeletal muscle

Increasing breast milk betaine modulates Akkermansia abundance in mammalian neonates and improves long-term metabolic health

Accelerated postnatal growth is a potentially modifiable risk factor for future obesity. To study how specific breast milk components contribute to early growth and obesity risk, we quantified one-carbon metabolism-related metabolites in human breast milk and found an inverse association between milk betaine content and infant growth. This association was replicated in an independent and geographically distinct cohort. To determine the potential role of milk betaine in modulating offspring obesity risk, we performed maternal betaine supplementation experiments in mice. Higher betaine intake during lactation increased milk betaine content in dams and led to lower adiposity and improved glucose homeostasis throughout adulthood in mouse offspring. These effects were accompanied by a transient increase in Akkermansia spp. abundance in the gut during early life and a long-lasting increase in intestinal goblet cell number. The link between breast milk betaine and Akkermansia abundance in the gut was also observed in humans, as infants exposed to higher milk betaine content during breastfeeding showed higher fecal Akkermansia muciniphila abundance. Furthermore, administration of A. muciniphila to mouse pups during the lactation period partially replicated the effects of maternal breast milk betaine, including increased intestinal goblet cell number, lower adiposity, and improved glucose homeostasis during adulthood. These data demonstrate a link between breast milk betaine content and long-term metabolic health of offspring.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Adipose Tissue Biology

Bariatric surgery (BS) procedures are actually the most effective intervention to help subjects with severe obesity achieve significant and sustained weight loss. White adipose tissue (WAT) is increasingly recognized as the largest endocrine organ. Unhealthy WAT expansion through adipocyte hypertrophy has pleiotropic effects on adipocyte function and promotes obesity-associated metabolic complications. WAT dysfunction in obesity encompasses an altered adipokine secretome, unresolved inflammation, dysregulated autophagy, inappropriate extracellular matrix remodeling and insufficient angiogenic potential. In the last 10 years, accumulating evidence suggests that BS can improve the WAT function beyond reducing the fat depot sizes. The causal relationships between improved WAT function and the health benefits of BS merits further investigation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the short-, medium- and long-term outcomes of BS on the WAT composition and function

Expression of Adipose Tissue Extracellular Matrix-Related Genes Predicts Weight Loss after Bariatric Surgery

Background: We evaluated the association between white adipose tissue parameters before bariatric surgery (BS) and post-surgical weight loss, with an especial focus on extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression. Methods: Paired samples from subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were obtained from 144 subjects undergoing BS. The association between total body weight loss (%TBWL) at 12 months after BS and the histological characteristics and gene expression of selected genes in SAT and VAT was analyzed. Results: Fat cell area, size-frequency distribution, and fibrosis in SAT or VAT prior to surgery were not associated with %TBWL. On the contrary, the SAT expression of COL5A1 and COL6A3 was associated with %TBWL after BS (both p p = 0.030 and p = 0.031). Indeed, in ROC analysis, the prediction of IWL based on sex, age, BMI, T2D, and the type of surgery (AUC = 0.71) was significantly improved with the addition of SAT-COL5A1 gene expression (AUC = 0.88, Z = 2.13, p = 0.032). Conclusions: Our data suggest that the expression of SAT ECM-related genes may help explain the variability in TBWL following BS

FABP4 Expression in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Is Independently Associated with Circulating Triglycerides in Obesity

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) has been associated with an increased risk of pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue plays a major role in lipid metabolism, mobilization and distribution. We have compared the histological and transcriptomic profiles of the subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues from subjects with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery with (Ob-HTG, n = 37) and without HTG (Ob-NTG, n = 67). Mean age and BMI were 51.87 ± 11.21 years, 45.78 ± 6.96 kg/m2 and 50.03 ± 10.17 years, 44.04 ± 4.69 kg/m2, respectively. The Ob-HTG group showed higher levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and prevalence of hypertension. The degree of fibrosis was increased by 14% in SAT from the Ob-HTG group (p = 0.028), while adipocyte size distribution was comparable. Twenty genes were found differentially expressed in SAT and VAT between study groups. Among them, only SAT expression of FABP4 resulted significantly associated with circulating triglyceride levels after adjusting for other covariates and independently explained 5% of the variance in triglyceride levels in the combined model. This relationship was not found in the cohort of lean or overweight patients with normotriglyceridemia (non-Ob, n = 21). These results emphasize the contribution of SAT to triglyceride concentrations in obesity and indicate that FABP4 may be a potential drug target for the treatment of HTG

Biological Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue from Severely Obese Women

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of the most dangerous heart attack risk factors: diabetes or raised fasting plasma glucose, abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. The goal of this study is to compare the state of the main features of obesity-associated white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction in 66 women with severe obesity without (MetS−) or with MetS (MetS+). Fat cell area, adipocyte size distribution and histological fibrosis were analysed in visceral (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous WAT (SAT) in 33 age- and BMI-matched pairs of MetS− and MetS+ subjects. The mRNA expression of 93 genes implicated in obesity-associated WAT dysfunction was analysed by RT-qPCR in both fat depots. MetS+ females showed higher adipocyte hypertrophy in both fat depots and increased fibrosis and expression of macrophage and hypoxia markers in SAT. Transcriptional data suggest increased fatty acid oxidation in SAT and impaired thermogenesis and extracellular matrix remodelling in VAT from MetS+ subjects. A sPLS-DA model, including SAT expression of PPARA and LEPR genes identified MetS with an AUC = 0.87. Despite equal age, BMI and body composition, MetS+ females display morphological and transcriptional differences in both WAT depots, especially in SAT. These factors may contribute to the transition to MetS

Relationship between adiponectin, TNFα, and SHBG in prepubertal children with obesity

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels are low in adult subjects with obesity when compared to normal-weight individuals. Obesity is associated with higher tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) plasma levels and lower adiponectin levels. Moreover, we have recently elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which TNFα and adiponectin regulate hepatic SHBG production. The main objective of this study was to assess if the adult associations between TNFα, adiponectin, and SHBG are present in prepubertal children. We determined several morphometric and biochemical parameters in normal-weight (n =15) and obese prepubertal (n =51) children, as well as quantified plasma SHBG, TNFα receptor 1 (TNFα-R1), and adiponectin levels. Our results showed that prepubertal children with obesity had decreased plasma SHBG levels compared to normal-weight controls (67 nmol/L vs 172 nmol/L). Importantly, SHBG plasma levels correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with TNFα (negatively, ßstd= − 0.31) and adiponectin (positively, ßstd= 0.58) suggesting an important role of these two cytokines in determining plasma SHBG levels in prepubertal children. Our results suggest that plasma adiponectin levels may play a more important role than TNFα in influencing plasma SHBG levels in our prepubertal population with obesity

A Distinctive NAFLD Signature in Adipose Tissue from Women with Severe Obesity

Development and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been linked to obesity and white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction plays a key role in this relation. We compared the main features of subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral WAT (VAT) tissue dysfunction in 48 obese women without (Ob) and with NAFLD (Ob-NAFLD) undergoing bariatric surgery and matched for age, BMI and T2D status. Fat cell area, adipocyte size distribution, the degree of histological fibrosis and the mRNA expression of adipokines and genes implicated in inflammation, adipogenesis, angiogenesis, metabolism and extracellular matrix remodeling were measured by RT-qPCR in both fat depots. Ob-NAFLD group showed higher TG and lower HDL circulating levels, increased VAT fat cell area and similar WAT fibrosis in comparison with Ob group. A sPLS-DA was performed in order to identify the set of genes that better characterize the presence of NAFLD. Finally, we build a multinomial logistic model including seven genes that explained 100% of the variance in NAFLD and correctly predicted 100% of cases. Our data support the existence of distinctive NAFLD signatures in WAT from women with severe obesity. A better understanding of these pathways may help in future strategies for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD

Glucose dependence of glycogen synthase activity regulation by GSK3 and MEK/ERK inhibitors and angiotensin-(1-7) action on these pathways in cultured human myotubes

Glycogen synthase (GS) is activated by glucose/glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle cells, but the contributing signaling pathways, including the chief GS regulator GSK3, have not been fully defined. The MEK/ERK pathway is known to regulate GSK3 and respond to glucose. The aim of this study was to elucidate the GSK3 and MEK/ERK pathway contribution to GS activation by glucose deprivation in cultured human myotubes. Moreover, we tested the glucose-dependence of GSK3 and MEK/ERK effects on GS and angiotensin (1-7) actions on these pathways. We show that glucose deprivation activated GS, but did not change phospho-GS (Ser640/1), GSK3β activity or activity-activating phosphorylation of ERK1/2. We then treated glucose-replete and -depleted cells with SB415286, U0126, LY294 and rapamycin to inhibit GSK3, MEK1/2, PI3K and mTOR, respectively. SB415286 activated GS and decreased the relative phospho-GS (Ser640/1) level, more in glucose-depleted than -replete cells. U0126 activated GS and reduced the phospho-GS (Ser640/1) content significantly in glucose-depleted cells, while GSK3β activity tended to increase. LY294 inactivated GS in glucose-depleted cells only, without affecting relative phospho-GS (Ser640/1) level. Rapamycin had no effect on GS activation. Angiotensin-(1-7) raised phospho-ERK1/2 but not phospho-GSK3β (Ser9) content, while it inactivated GS and increased GS phosphorylation on Ser640/1, in glucose-replete cells. In glucose-depleted cells, angiotensin-(1-7) effects on ERK1/2 and GS were reverted, while relative phospho-GSK3β (Ser9) content decreased. In conclusion, activation of GS by glucose deprivation is not due to GS Ser640/1 dephosphorylation, GSK3β or ERK1/2 regulation in cultured myotubes. However, glucose depletion enhances GS activation/Ser640/1 dephosphorylation due to both GSK3 and MEK/ERK inhibition. Angiotensin-(1-7) inactivates GS in glucose-replete cells in association with ERK1/2 activation, not with GSK3 regulation, and glucose deprivation reverts both hormone effects. Thus, the ERK1/2 pathway negatively regulates GS activity in myotubes, without involving GSK3 regulation, and as a function of the presence of glucose. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.This study was supported by the following grants: SAF2009-07559 and SAF2012-37480 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCI); and SAF2012-37480 and SAF2012-30708, CIBERDEM de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CB07/08/0012).Peer Reviewe