Patomorfološka procjena hepatobilijarnih lezija u pasa i mačaka uzgojenih na području grada Ankare

The objective of this study was to investigate pathological disorders of the hepatobiliary system in dogs and cats in Ankara using pathomorphological methods, and to determine the types and frequency of the observed lesions. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate hepatic reparation as a reaction of the liver to injury with different hepatobiliary lesions using immunohistochemical methods. Livers obtained from 56 cats and 74 dogs submitted for post-mortem investigation were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Samples with hepatic fibrosis were stained immunohistochemically with an α-SMA antibody. Lesions were found in 98% of the livers of the examined dogs and cats. The most common histopathological diagnoses were hepatitis (39.28%), hepatocellular lipidosis (16.07%), and cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis (14.28%) in cats. In dogs they were hepatitis (28.38%), passive congestion (25.68%) and proliferative lesions (21.62%). For some hepatobiliary lesions, breed, age and gender predispositions were observed. Immunohistochemically, the α-SMA antibody positively stained parenchymal, portal and septal myofibroblasts. A positive correlation was verified between immunohistochemical α-SMA scores and histochemical fibrosis scores. This is the first study in Turkey documenting both the incidence of hepatobiliary lesions among feline and canine species, and their pathomorphological features. In terms of reparation, the major role of the hepatic myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis was observed. There were variations in the intensity and location of positively stained cells according to the type of lesion. The conclusion of this research indicates the need to pay attention to certain hepatic lesions in dogs and cats, and provides a reference standard for further clinical and histopathological studies.cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti patološke poremećaje hepatobilijarnog sustava u pasa i mačaka uzgajanih na području grada Ankare, te odrediti vrstu i učestalost promatranih lezija. Osim toga cilj je bio utvrditi regeneraciju jetre kao reakciju na ozljedu u različitim hepatobilijarnim lezijama primjenom imunohistokemijskih metoda. Makroskopski i mikroskopski su pretraženo jetre od 56 mačaka i 74 psa nakon postmortalne analize. Uzorci s jetrenom fibrozom imunohistokemijski su obojeni protutijelima α-SMA. Lezije su nađene u 98 % jetara pretraženih pasa i mačaka. U mačaka je najčešća histopatološka dijagnoza bio hepatitis (39,28 %), hepatocelularna lipidoza (16,07 %) i kolangitis/ kolangiohepatitis (14,28 %). U pasa je najčešći bio hepatitis (28,38 %), zatim pasivna kongestija (25,68 %) i proliferativne lezije (21,62 %). za neke su hepatobilijarne lezije promatrani pasminska, dobna i spolna predispozicija. Imunohistokemijski α-SMA protutijela pozitivno su obojila parenhimske, portalne i septalne miofibroblaste. Dokazana je pozitivna korelacija među rezultatima imunohistokemije pomoću α-SMA i histokemijske fibroze. Ovo je prvo istraživanje u Turskoj koje donosi i incidenciju hepatobilijarnih lezija u mačaka i pasa i njihova patomorfološka svojstva. Kad je riječ o regeneraciji, promatrana je važna uloga jetrenih miofibroblasta u jetrenoj fibrozi. Pronađena je varijacija u intenzitetu i lokaciji pozitivno objenih stanica s obzirom na vrstu lezije. zaključak ovog istraživanja jest da treba obratiti pozornost na određene jetrene lezije u pasa i mačaka što pruža referentnu normu za daljnja klinička i histopatološka istraživanja

Congenital cerebellar hypoplasia associated with BVD-MD virus infection in a naturally infected calf

The objectives of the present study were to describe pathomorphological and immunohistochemical features of congenital cerebellar hypoplasia associated with natural BVD-MD virus infection in a Holstein-Friesian calf. The characteristic macroscopical lesion was cerebellar hypoplasia, almost completely absent, with hydrocephaly. Cerebellar changes were cortical destruction, destructive changes of granule and Purkinje cells and irregular cavity formation of the folia. The positive antibody reaction against the BVD-MD virus was observed in the CNS, but not in the eyes and peripheral nerves

Pathological Changes of Urinary System in a Dog with Urolithiasis and Renal Papillary Necrosis

Background: Urolithiasis is one of the important lower urinary tract diseases in dogs. Uroliths develop when urine becomes "supersaturated”. Struvite urolithiasis in dogs is formed when urine saturated with magnesium, ammonium and phosphate. Renal papillary necrosis is a form of nephropathy involving the necrosis of the renal papilla. The aim of this case is the evaluation of histopathological changes in kidney and urinary bladder caused by urolithiasis with sitruvite, a pathology commonly seen in dogs. Renal papillary necrosis that encountered in the case was evaluated histopathologically. We intend to discuss the relationship between urolithiasis and renal papillary necrosis.Case: The material of the case was a 7.5 year-old Rottweiler female dog that had been operated for the urolithiasis treatment and died after surgery. The animal sent to pathology department was necropsied and evaluated histopathologically. Also the uroliths removed during the surgery were sent for analysis postoperatively. Qualitative composition of uroliths was determined by a series of chemical analyses in Department of Biochemistry. X-ray diffraction was performed as well in General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration in the objective of result verification.  Macroscopically, 30 pieces uroliths with varying size from 1 mm to 3 cm were seen in urinary bladder. They were 110 g in weight with smooth surface and round and/or ovoid shapes.  After necropsy, specimens from kidney and urinary bladder were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, cut at 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE).  Bladder wall thickening and hemorrhage on mucosa were noticed. Kidneys had roughened surface with the capsule being difficult to peel off. Also, renal papillary necrosis, reddish in color was observed in papilla of the right kidney. Microscopically, crystal formations were observed proximal tubule lumens of kidneys. Interstitial nephritis in cortex and medulla had been noticed in both kidneys. Interstitial nephritis has been noticed in both kidneys. Hemorrhagic necrotic area demarcated by connective tissue was encountered in medulla of the right kidney. In the lamina propria of urinary bladder hemorrhage were noted. Desquamation and degeneration of lamina epithelialis and wide hemorrhage area in lamina propria were noted in urinary bladder. Results obtained from biochemical analysis were verified with x-ray diffraction method, uroliths were determined as magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite).Discussion: Renal papillary necrosis is a form of nephropathy involving the necrosis of the renal papilla, caused by ischemia of the inner medulla of the kidney. According to the first report of renal papillary necrosis, symmetrical soft calyceal concretions and their appearances are typical lesions for diagnosis of renal papillary necrosis. The presence of crystals in the tubule lumen and the formation of struvite stone (which has the same chemical composition with calyceal concretions) established a distinct relationship between urolithiasis and renal papillary necrosis. This case showed that struvite stones can reach large volumes in urinary bladder, and caused bladder wall thickness and hemorrhages. Also, the lower urinary tract obstruction or urolithiasis should be remembered in the renal papillary necrosis together with the risk of hydronephrosis.                

Congenital cerebellar hypoplasia associated with BVD-MD virus infection in a naturally infected calf

The objectives of the present study were to describe pathomorphological and immunohistochemical features of congenital cerebellar hypoplasia associated with natural BVD-MD virus infection in a Holstein-Friesian calf. The characteristic macroscopical lesion was cerebellar hypoplasia, almost completely absent, with hydrocephaly. Cerebellar changes were cortical destruction, destructive changes of granule and Purkinje cells and irregular cavity formation of the folia. The positive antibody reaction against the BVD-MD virus was observed in the CNS, but not in the eyes and peripheral nerves

Total prostatectomy in a dog with perineal hernia

Perineal kasların ayrılması sonucunda pelvik ve abdominal boşluk organlarının bir veya birkaçının perineal bölgede deri altına yer değiştirmesi sonucu bu bölgede değişik büyüklükte, kıvamda ve şekilde şişkinlik oluşturmasına perineal fıtık denir. 10 yaşında, Rottweiller ırkı ve kısırlaştırılmamış erkek bir köpek, perineal bölgede gelişen şişkinlikten dolayı operasyona alındı. Operasyonda 9-10 cm boyutunda ve üzeri damarlı kitlesel bir yapı ile karşılaşıldı. İncelemede yapının prostat olduğu anlaşıldı. Kötü huylu bir büyüme olabileceği şüphesi üzerine total prostatektomi ve sonrasında üretranın kranial ve kaudal uçlarının anastomozu yapıldı. Bölge daha sonra tekniğine uygun olarak kapatıldı. Hastanın postoperatif olarak komplikasyonsuz iyileştiği görüldü. Histopatolojik inceleme sonucunda; papiller kistik prostat hiperplazisi ve adenokarsinomatöz odaklara sahip subakut prostatitis tanısı konuldu.When perineal muscles separates, one or many organs of the pelvic and abdominal cavity displaces beneath skin and form swelling in different sizes, stiffnesses and forms. This is called perineal hernia. 10 years old, unneutered male Rottweiller dog operated because of swelling in the perineal area. In the operation, 9-10 cm structure of vasculated mass had been detected. Structure diagnosed as a prostate gland. Suspicion of malign enlargement leaded to total prostatectomy and after anastomosis of cranial and caudal side of urethra. Area closed (sutured) in appropriate techniques. Patient became healthy without complication postoperatively. Histopathologic examination reveals subacute prostatitis with papillary hyperplasia of prostate and adenocarcinomatous lesions

Bir kuzuda erkek psödohermafroditizm olgusu

Bu çalışmada; 4 aylık, Akkaraman ırkı bir kuzuda erkek psödohermafroditizm makroskobik ve mikroskobik olarak tanımlandı. Kuzu görsel bakıda sahip olduğu dış genital organ vulvası ile dişi görünmekteydi. Ancak kuzu iç genital organ olarak testislere ve epididimise benzer yapıya sahipti. Histolojik incelemede normal vulva dokusu görüldü. Testiste ise olgunlaşmamış seminifer tubullerin sadece sertoli hücreleri ve primitif eşey hücrelerine benzer yapılar ile döşeli olduğu gözlendi. Epididimisin mikroskobik incelemesinde kistik tubul benzeri yapılar ile primitif ve degeneratif eşey hücrelerine benzer hücreler görüldü.This paper reports male pseudohermaphroditism identified macroscopically and microscopically in a female Akkaraman breed lamb at 4 months of age. Visual examination of the external genitalia in the lamb showed to be female with vulva. But the lamb had testes and epididymis like structure as internal genital organs. At histological examination normal vulval tissue was seen. At testicular tissue the immature seminiferous tubules were occupied only by Sertoli cells and primitive gamet like cells. The microscopic appearance of epididymis showed; cyctic tubule like structures with primitive and degenerative gamet like cells

The Goodness Of Fıt Tests Of Unıformıty Based On Entropy

İstatistiksel bir modelin uyum iyiliği, gözlenen bir veri setinin istatistiksel modele uyumluluğunu test eder. Bu çalışmada, düzgün (tekdüze) dağılım için literatürde bulunan ve klasik uyum iyiliği testleri olarak adlandırılan testlerden Kolmogorov-Simirnov (1933-1939), Anderson-Darling (1954), Cramer von Mises (1928-1930), Shapiro-Wilk (1972), Watson (1961) ve Zhang (2002) tarafından öne sürülen üç test istatistiği ZK, ZA, ZC ve entropiye dayalı geliştirilen uyum iyiliği testlerinden Zamanzade (2014)znin önerdiği TB1 ve TB2 testleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Monte Carlo simülasyon metoduyla belirtilen test istatistiklerinin deneysel I.tip hata oranları ve testin gücü hesaplanmış, testin gücü bakımından Stephens (1974) tarafından kullanılan Ak, Bk, Ck alternatif dağılım aileleri ile karşılaştırılması yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar yorumlanmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalar için MATLAB R2013b programı kullanılmıştırThe goodness of fit of a statistical model tests how well it fits a set of observations. In this study, some classical goodness of fit tests such as Kolmogorov-Simirnov (1933-1939), Anderson-Darling (1954), Cramer von Mises (1928-1930), Shapiro-Wilk (1972), Watson (1961) and proposed by Zhang (2002) ZK, ZA, ZC tests and new goodness of fit tests which are based on entropy discovered recently by Zamanzade (2014) for uniform distribution TB1 and TB2 tests are investigated. Also, these tests are compared according to their Type I error rates and power of tests by using Monte Carlo method with alternatives distribution families Ak, Bk, Ck which were used by Stephens (1974) and the obtained results are interpreted. MATLAB R2013b software was used for experimental studie

Malignant seminoma in a dog

Çalışmada 13 yaşlı, erkek Terrier ırkı bir köpekte saptanan malign seminom olgusu makroskobik ve mikroskobik bulgu­larına göre tanımlandı. Makroskobik olarak; sol testis 7x5x3.2 cm boyutlarında ve 30 gr ağırlığında, sağ testis ise 2.5x1.5x1 cm boyutlarında ve 5 gr ağırlığmdaydı. Her iki testiste elastiki kıvamda ve kesit yüzleri gri-beyaz renkli olup, yer yer nekroz ve kanama alanları içermekteydi. Mikroskobik incelemede; sağ ve sol testis dokusu içerisinde diffuz dağılımlı, farklı büyüklüklerde, polihedral şekilli, veziküler çekirdekli, hafif bazofılik sitoplazmalı anaplastik hücreler ile az sayıda çok çekirdekli dev hücreleri ve mitotik figürler gözlendi. Bazı alanlarda bu hücrelerle beraber nekroz, kanama alanları ve fokal lenfosit infiltrasyonu fark edildi.In the case, malignant seminoma was described with macroscopical and microscopical findings in a 13 year-old, male Terrier dog. Macroscopically; left testicle was measured as 7x5x3.2 cm and weighted as 30 g, while right testicle was measured as 2.5x1.5x1 cm and weighted as 5 g. Both testicles were elastic in consistency and had a gray-white appearance with also necrosis and hemorrhage on cut surfaces. In microscopic examination; in right and left testicle tissue vesicular nucleated, different sized, polyhedral shaped, pale basophilic cytoplasmated, diffusely spread anaplastic cells with a few multinucleate giant cells and mitotic figures were observed. Also necrosis, hemorrhage and focal lymphocyt infiltrations were accompanying anaplastic cells

Investigation of ocular surface cytology (Brush-impression techniques) and bacteriological agents in dogs with conjunctivitis and healthy.

The metaphors of autonomous agents and agent societies have the potential to make a significant impact on the processes of analysis, design, and development of complex software systems on the Internet. In this chapter, we concentrate predominantly on agent societies, and show how work on coordination models and technologies provides a powerful framework for the engineering of Internet-based, multi-agent systems. First, we introduce the concepts of agent, multi-agent system, and agent-oriented software engineering, and highlight the specific issues that arise when we take the Internet as the environment that agents inhabit. We then provide a brief survey of the state of the art in the area of agent-oriented methodologies, paying particular attention to the Gaia methodology for agent-oriented analysis and design. Gaia was originally conceived for benevolent agents inhabiting closed systems. However, to broaden its scope, we show how insights from the area of coordination model..