Mouth development

WIREs Developmental Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. A mouth is present in all animals, and comprises an opening from the outside into the oral cavity and the beginnings of the digestive tract to allow eating. This review focuses on the earliest steps in mouth formation. In the first half, we conclude that the mouth arose once during evolution. In all animals, the mouth forms from ectoderm and endoderm. A direct association of oral ectoderm and digestive endoderm is present even in triploblastic animals, and in chordates, this region is known as the extreme anterior domain (EAD). Further support for a single origin of the mouth is a conserved set of genes that form a ‘mouth gene program’ including foxA and otx2. In the second half of this review, we discuss steps involved in vertebrate mouth formation, using the frog Xenopus as a model. The vertebrate mouth derives from oral ectoderm from the anterior neural ridge, pharyngeal endoderm and cranial neural crest (NC). Vertebrates form a mouth by breaking through the body covering in a precise sequence including specification of EAD ectoderm and endoderm as well as NC, formation of a ‘pre-mouth array,’ basement membrane dissolution, stomodeum formation, and buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. In Xenopus, the EAD is also a craniofacial organizer that guides NC, while reciprocally, the NC signals to the EAD to elicit its morphogenesis into a pre-mouth array. Human mouth anomalies are prevalent and are affected by genetic and environmental factors, with understanding guided in part by use of animal models.National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (U.S.) (Grant RO1 DE021109

(Un)knowingly needing support : an exploration into the importance of social support and relations for climate-friendly Danes

Many studies on how to encourage pro-environmental behaviour have been done. However, they have tended to focus on individual behaviour in isolation of social interactions despite increasing scepticism about the effectiveness of this approach in promoting the necessary transition toward a more sustainable society. Such a transition constitutes a central part of the transformational mode of sustainability science and this thesis taps into the mission of finding ways to better understand how to increasingly engage citizens in lower carbon lifestyles. Through a constructivist grounded theory study this thesis explores how Danes who try to live climate-friendly experience social support from their social relations and the importance of it in interaction with their own ability to live climate-friendly in their everyday life. These interactive social processes were explored through in-depth personal accounts of experiences and perceptions shared by 17 Danes. Findings from this rich empirical material showed that emotional, esteem and belonging support were the most predominant types of social support that research participants found missing from their close family ties and friends. It was however also the most present types of support, but these were characterised by being found outside the close social relations through seeking communities of interest (both online and real-life). Conflicts or other relational strains tended to be the cause for this need to go beyond the close friends and family ties to find social support related to climate-friendliness. Such need was often explained because of perceived lack of understanding, disapproval, lack of climate-friendly action from close relations, or even the experienced need to seek support elsewhere in order to maintain these close relations. Through the iterative process of going back and forth between data collection and analysis – important to grounded theory – I found that not only the type of social support was important to identify but also the source from which it came, i.e. the type of social relation. Therefore, the initial conceptual framework on social support was modified to encompass types of social relations too which was done by extending already existing theory. This new framework has the potential to guide sustainability scientists, transition designers or other practitioners who in the future will try to enable more citizens to adopt lower carbon lifestyles by bringing a broader social context into the equation

Exponentiation, Modular Multiplication and VLSI Implementation of High-Speed RSA Cryptography

This Ph.D. thesis treats the calculation of modular exponentials using very large operands. Through a top-down approach, the basic operations are identified: modular multiplication, modular addition, addition, modular reduction, and quotient determination. Various methods and optimisation techniques for these operations are decribed and compared. The focus is directed toward methods that are suited for VLSI implementation. A very fast VLSI processor has been designed, constructed, and tested

It hurts : The patient's experience of living with chronic pain

  Bakgrund:Smärta är en naturlig upplevelse vilken alla människor kommer i kontakt med och känner någon gång i livet. Smärta benämns kronisk om personen haft smärtan mer än sex månader i följd. Betydelsefullt för personer med kronisk smärta är att sjuksköterskan kan hantera smärtproblematik. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva personers upplevelser av att leva med kronisk smärta. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie har legat till grund för arbetet. Nio vetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats genom en kvalitativ och kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Accepterande av kronisk smärta var ett påtagligt problem för dessa personer. En del påverkades så djupt av sin smärta att de hamnade i depression. Familjen har stort inflytande för personen med kronisk smärta. Egenvården är en viktig del för personer med kronisk smärta. Diskussion: Accepterande av smärta byggde i hög grad på hur smärtstillad personen upplevde sig vara. Sjukdom kan upplevas positivt trots att den är kronisk enligt Dorothea Orem. Slutsats: Studiens betydelse för sjuksköterskor är att kunna bemöta och ge en bättre omvårdnad till personer som lider av kronisk smärta. Med djupare kunskaper om hur personer med kronisk smärta upplever sjuksköterskans bemötande kan detta leda till bättre omvårdnad och patientkontakt.    Background: Pain is a natural experience which all people come into contact with and feels at some point in their lives. Chronic pain is when the person had pain for more than six consecutive months. It is significant for a person with chronic pain that a nurse can deal with pain problems. Aim: The aim was to describe people's experiences of living with chronic pain. Method: A general literature study has been the basis for the work. Nine scientific articles have been analyzed trough qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Results: Acceptance of chronic pain was a substantial problem for these people. Some were affected so deeply by their pain that they went into depression. The family has great influence on people with chronic pain. Self-care is an important part of people with chronic pain. Discussion: Acceptance of pain was based largely on how people experienced the pain. Illness may be viewed positively, although it is chronic according to Dorothea Orem. Conclusion: The study is important for nurses in order to respond and provide better care to people suffering from chronic pain. With a deeper understanding of how people with chronic pain perceive the nurse's response, this can lead to better care and patient contact.