REPARABLE, ACTUALIZABLE Y RECICLABLE. LA ECONOMÍA CIRCULAR, COMO NUEVO MODELO ECONÓMICO SUSTENTABLE EN MÉXICO (Cartel)

La economía lineal es decir “el Tomar, Hacer, Desechar” es el modelo de producción por la cual hoy por hoy se rigen los sistemas económicos. Pero ¿Este modelo sigue siendo funcional? Existen diferentes posturas las cuales son debatibles, pero hay algo en lo que debemos enfocarnos y no podemos delegar, a lo que llamamos “Daño ambiental” que no es más que el resultado de este modelo lineal, pues “el producir, producir” que regía la economía clásica esta sin lugar a duda llegando a su límite, la huella ecológica que el ser humano está ocasionando a la naturaleza es impactante por lo que si no nos detenemos pronto este daño será irreversible. Lo que nos lleva a preguntarnos ¿Existe una alternativa? La respuesta es sí, existen una gran cantidad de alternativas que van desde los programas medioambientales actuales hasta la ola reciente del desarrollo sustentable los cuales están poniendo en la mesa de debate de un sinfín de organismos el repensar la manera en la que producimos, vendemos y consumismos. Es así como nace la economía circular, de ir un poco más allá, de ya no solo pensar en reciclar, reducir y reutilizar sino también innovar y transformar, en otras palabras regenerar. Así, la economía circular se plantea como una medida más revolucionaria y transformadora que lleve a las empresas al ahorro de recursos, al mismo tiempo que al consumidor a un cambio en sus hábitos de compra, ambos con un único objetivo en común; el cual es el cuidado del medio ambiente y la reversibilidad de la huella ecológica que por siglos hemos generado. Pero si bien es cierto este cambio no se logrará de la noche a la mañana, desde nuestra perspectiva requiere de la colaboración dinámica de los agentes sociales (sociedad, empresas, gobierno) para poder llevarla a cabo de manera sustentable y certera. Por lo que este modelo de reciente creación se enfrenta a grandes retos en su implementación y que quedara sujeto a lo inclusivos o exclusivos que sean los agentes sociales de una región o nación. Pero que analizando al sistema actual, dicho método ya no suena a ficción futurista, pues nos atrevemos a decir que las nuevas generaciones de empresas al igual que los nuevos estilos de vida están empujando a ver el modelo de economía circular más cercano que nunca

Prevalence and factors associated with violence and abuse of older adults in Mexico’s 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey

Background: Factors associated with violence and the abuse of older adults are understudied and its prevalence in Mexico has not been reported. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with violence and abuse of older adults in Mexico. Methods: We used Mexico’s 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey, which included a sample of 8,894 individuals who are 60 years or older and who self-reported a negative health event related to robbery, aggression or violence in the previous 12 months. We used chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test to analyze the variables related to violence. Adjusted estimates were completed with multiple logistic regression models for complex surveys. Results: The prevalence of violence was 1.7 % for both men and women. In 95 % of the cases, the aggression was from an unknown party. Verbal aggressions were the most prevalent (60 %). Among men, physical aggression was more common. Violence frequently occurred in the home (37.6 %); however, men were primarily assaulted in public places (42.4 %), in comparison to women (30.7 %). There were also differences in the risk factors for violence. Among men, risk was associated with younger age (60–64 years), higher education (secondary school or above) and higher socioeconomic status. Among women, risk was associated with depression, not being the head of the family, and region of the country. Conclusions: Violence against older adults presents differently for men and women, which means it is necessary to increase knowledge about the dynamics of the social determinants of violence, particularly in regards to the role of education among men. The relatively low prevalence found in this study may reflect the difficulty and fear of discussing the topic of violence. This may occur because of cultural factors, as well as by the perception of helplessness perpetuated by the scarce access to social programs that ensure protection and problem solving with regards to the complex social determinants of individual and family violence that this population group endures.publishedVersio

Arilhidrazonas con un fragmento imidazol. Síntesis y su uso como precursores catalíticos en el acoplamiento Suzuki-Miyaura

Este trabajo describe la síntesis de tres heteroarilhidrazonas derivadas del 1-metilimidazol-2-carbaldehído por medio de una reacción de condensación empleando irradiación infrarroja como medio de calentamiento. Las arilhidrazonas fueron obtenidas en excelentes rendimientos y caracterizadas empleado técnicas espectroscópicas convencionales (IR, EM y RMN 1H y 13C). Adicionalmente, las arilhidrazonas fueron utilizadas como ligantes en la reacción de acoplamiento tipo Suzuki-Miyaura asistido por paladio y promovidas por irradiación infrarroja. Los productos de acoplamiento fueron obtenidos en excelentes rendimientos y tiempos cortos de reacción. Con estos resultados se abre una nueva oportunidad para el uso de arilhidrazonas como precursores catalíticos en reacciones de acoplamiento tipo Suzuki-Miyaura.This work describes the synthesis of three heteroarylhydrazones derivated from 1-metylimidazole-2-caldehyde through a condensation reaction using infrared irradiation as a heating source. The arylhydrazones were obtained with excellent yield and were characterized using conventional spectroscopic techniques (IR, ME, MNR 1H and 13C). Additionally, these hydrazones were used as ligands in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling assisted by palladium and promoted by infrared irradiation. The cross-coupling products were obtained with excellent yields and short reaction times. These results open a new opportunity for the use of arylhydrazones as a catalytic precursor on the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions

Antigen production and standardization of an in-house indirect ELISA for detection of antibodies against Anaplasma marginale

Las pruebas serológicas son importantes para la detección de anticuerpos específicos contra agentes infecciosos. Los ELISA indirectos comerciales son costosos y, por lo general, son tan efectivos como los ELISA caseros. En el presente trabajo fue preparado un lote de antígeno crudo de Anaplasma marginale a partir de sangre infectada, y se probó contra controles oficiales de suero positivos y negativos y comparado con un lote viejo de antígeno. El nuevo lote de antígenos mostró una eficiencia similar a la del lote viejo. La sensibilidad de la prueba entre los lotes nuevo y viejo fue comparable. Tanto el lote de antígeno nuevo como el viejo se están utilizando en exceso. El nuevo lote de antígeno es lo suficientemente grande como para ejecutar miles de pruebas a un precio más asequible que el de los kits comerciales.Serologic tests are important for the detection of specific antibodies against infectious agents. Commercial indirect ELISA are costly and usually as effective as in-house ELISAs. In the present work, it was prepared a batch of Anaplasma marginale crude antigen from infected blood, and tested it against official positive and negative serum controls and compared with an old batch of antigen. The new antigen batch showed an efficiency similar to the old batch. The sensitivity of the test was comparable between the new and old batches. Both, new and old antigen lots are being used at an excess. The new antigen lot is large enough to run thousands of tests at a more affordable price than commercial kits

Quality of Life and Autonomy in Patients with Intermittent Bladder Catheterization Trained by Specialized Nurses

Intermittent bladder catheterization (IBC) involves regular urine draining using a catheter, which is removed immediately after urinary elimination. It allows for the patient's urological health to be managed and their renal function to be preserved, and it promotes autonomy. Compliance with the prescribed number of daily catheterizations, which must be conducted by the patient, and infection prevention measures are crucial. To identify the patients requiring IBC, and to determine their adherence (whether they followed the prescribed guidelines and their difficulty in carrying out the procedure, as well as to assess how the IBC influences their quality of life and state of mind after receiving self-care training from a specialized nurse), we carried out a prospective, multicenter observational study in 24 Spanish hospitals with one month of monitoring and a sample of 99 patients. The sources of information were the patients' clinical records, the King's Health Questionnaire, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were used to analyses the paired data. After recruitment (n = 99), 79 patients completed the questionnaire at a mean age of 35.2 years (SD = 20.5 years). In total, 53.5% (53) of the sample consisted of men and 32.3% (32) had neurological damage as the reason for prescription; 67% (67.7) performed self-catheterization and 86.7% adhered to the IBC. After one month of monitoring, a statistically significant improvement in quality of life was observed in all criteria, with the exception of personal relationships (p < 0.005), as well as an improvement in anxiety and depression levels (p < 0.001). Patients who require IBC show good adherence to the IBC with a significant percentage of self-catheterization. After one month of IBC, a significant improvement in the patients' quality of life and mood was observed. These results could be attributed to adequate patient training and adequate personalization of the IBC materials by the specialized nurses

Morphological and molecular characterization of Podosphaera xanthii, causal agent of powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon

Objective: To determine the causal agent of powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon, as well as its morphological and molecular characterization. Design/methodology/approach: In Iguala, Guerrero, in 2018, leaves with powdery mildew symptoms from husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) were collected. From two isolates (Phyxa1 and Phyxa2) of husk tomato and two of watermelon (Citrus1 and Citrus2), the morphological characterization was carried out by assembling morphological structures and visualizing them under an optical microscope. For molecular characterization, the ITS region was amplified with the use of primers ITS1 and ITS4, PCR was performed and the products obtained were sequenced in the company Macrogen®. A phylogenetic analysis was performed with the resulting sequences and they were compared with other sequences available in GenBank. Results: It was determined that there is morphological and genetic variability between isolates from husk tomato and watermelon. The largest sizes of conidiophores and conidia were from Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates, the smallest sizes were recorded in Citrus1 and Citrus2. The isolates presented a tendency to group according to the host, the Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates were associated with Solanacea isolates, while the Citrus1 and Citrus2 isolates were grouped with isolates of the Cucurbitaceae family. Findings/conclusions: Podosphaera xanthii was shown to be the agent associated with powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon. Morphological and genetic variability of P. xanthii was determined, which was associated with the host of origin.Objective: To determine the causal agent of powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon, as well as its morphological and molecular characterization. Design/methodology/approach: Leaves with powdery mildew symptoms were collected from husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico in 2018. From two isolates (Phyxa1 and Phyxa2) of husk tomato and two of watermelon (Citrus1 and Citrus2), the morphological characterization was carried out by assembling morphological structures and visualizing them under an optical microscope. For molecular characterization, the ITS region was amplified with the use of primers ITS1 and ITS4, PCR was performed and the products obtained were sequenced in the company Macrogen®. A phylogenetic analysis was performed with the resulting sequences and they were compared with other sequences available in GenBank. Results: It was determined that there is morphological and genetic variability between isolates from husk tomato and watermelon. The largest sizes of conidiophores and conidia were from Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates, the smallest sizes were found in Citrus1 and Citrus2. The isolates presented a tendency to group according to the host, the Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates were associated with Solanacea isolates, while the Citrus1 and Citrus2 isolates were grouped with isolates of the Cucurbitaceae family. Findings/conclusions: Podosphaera xanthii was shown to be the agent associated with powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon. The morphological and genetic variability of P. xanthii was determined, which was associated with the host of origin

Diversidad de maiz en la sierra sur de Oaxaca, México: conocimiento y manejo tradicional.

El estado de Oaxaca representa un importante acervo de maíz en México. Estudios previos han indicado la presencia de muchas variedades locales y razas agronómicas en la Sierra Norte y Valles Centrales. La Sierra Sur ha sido poco estudiada a pesar de la presencia de comunidades indígenas zapotecas, las cuales cultivan maíz, entre otras especies, y han preservado las variedades locales. El presente estudio responde a las siguientes preguntas: ¿cuál es la diversidad de maíz en términos de variedades tradicionales y razas agronómicas en la región zapoteca de Los Loxicha?, ¿la diversidad de maíz sigue un patrón de distribución a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal?, ¿cuáles prácticas promueven y mantienen esta diversidad? Para contestar estas preguntas se realizó un estudio en cinco municipios de la Sierra Sur de Oaxaca. Durante 2007 se aplicaron entrevistas estructuradas a 930 agricultores para describir el proceso de manejo de semilla. La caracterización morfológica de las razas agronómicas se basó en muestras de mazorcas obtenidas en 375 milpas, con 20 plantas por milpa. Se encontraron altos niveles de diversidad local de maíz, con 36 variedades tradicionales correspondientes a 10 razas agronómicas. Las razas exhibieron diferencias en términos de variación fenotípica, distribución altitudinal y algunas muestran adaptación local. Los agricultores practican algunas formas de manejo ancestral para la selección de mazorcas y semillas, manteniendo, así, ciertos niveles de diferenciación entre las variedades y las razas agronómicas. Sin embargo, al sembrar diferentes variedades dentro de la misma parcela, se promueve el flujo génico y la introgresión entre ellas, manteniendo y promoviendo la diversidad fenotípica y genética

Targeting and retention of HPV16 E7 to the endoplasmic reticulum enhances immune tumour protection

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is where the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are loaded with epitopes to cause an immune cellular response. Most of the protein antigens are degraded in the cytoplasm to amino acids and few epitopes reach the ER. Antigen targeting of this organelle by Calreticulin (CRT) fusion avoids this degradation and enhances the immune response. We constructed a recombinant adenovirus to express the E7 antigen with an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) plus an ER retention signal (KDEL sequence). In cell-culture experiments we demonstrated that this new E7 antigen, SP-E7-KDEL, targeted the ER. Infection of mice with this recombinant adenovirus that expresses SP-E7-KDEL showed interferon induction and tumour-protection response, similar to that provided by an adenovirus expressing the E7 antigen fused to CRT. This work demonstrated that just by adding a SP and the KDEL sequence, antigens can be targeted and retained in the ER with a consequent enhancement of immune response and tumour protection. These results will have significant clinical applications