La fiscalidad de los conservadores en la Guerra de Tres Años (Ciudad de México, 1858)

The main objective of this article is to analyze the taxation of the government of General Félix Zuloaga in the context of Guerra de Tres Años. The Public finances, conditioned by the pace of war and the centralist administrative policy structure, are examined in terms of revenues which consist of debt and the levying of direct and indirect taxes, and expenditures. In connection with the above, it includes an analysis of the ordinary and extraordinary contributions imposed in México City, as well as the behavior of taxpayers.El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar la fiscalidad del gobierno del general Félix María Zuloaga en el contexto de la Guerra de Tres Años. Las finanzas públicas, condicionadas por el ritmo del conflicto bélico y la estructura política admnistrativa centralista, son examinadas a partir de los ingresos, constituidos por la deuda y la recaudación de impuestos directos e indirectos, y los egresos. A lo anterior, se suma un análisis de las contribuciones ordinarias y extraordinarias impuestas en la Ciudad de México, así como el comportamiento de los causantes

Evaluación de dos estimulantes hormonales para el engorde de toretes Brahman bajo pastoreo y bloques multinutricionales suplementarios

Feeding in animal production is a challenge that farmers face in the search of the ideal animal weight in the least amount of time and at the lower cost. An experiment was designed to evaluate two hormonal stimulants, Phenylpropionate Nandrolone and Boldenone Undecylenate combined with a supply of mineral mix nutrition block and honey grass on Brahman steers compared with a check which was the normal farmer´s management. Statistical analysis was performed using a completely randomized design. Variables evaluated were weight gain, cinch increase and height at withers. The best treatment in terms of the three evaluated parameters was the one which used injectable synthetic anabolic Fenilpropionato Nandrolona, while the check only produced marginal gains. Financial analysis determined that the same treatment promoted the best cost-profit of $1.112La alimentación en la producción animal es un reto que enfrentan los agricultores al buscar que el animal alcance el peso ideal en el menor tiempo y al menor costo posible. Se decidió evaluar dos estimulantes hormonales, Fenilpropionato Nandrolona y Boldenone Undecylenate, en combinación con un suministro de mezcla mineral, bloque proteico-energético y pasto miel en el engorde de toretes Brahman comparados con un testigo de manejo del productor. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar. Las variables a evaluar fueron incremento de peso, incremento de cinchera y altura a la cruz. El mejor tratamiento en términos de las tres variables evaluadas fue el tratamiento que utilizó anabólico sintético inyectable Undecilenato Boldenona combinado con bloque multinutricional proteico energético mineralizado y vitaminizado, mientras que el testigo tuvo solamente incrementos marginales. El análisis financiero determinó que el mismo tratamiento fue el que presentó la mejor relación beneficio costo de US$ 1.112

Bayesian factor to estimate the presence of diarrheas in children by Rotavirus in front of condition climatic

La medicina enfrenta el reto de adquirir, analizar y aplicar conocimiento para resolver problemas clínicos complejos. Existen innumerables adelantos que involucran el uso intensivo de la tecnología para realizar correlación de datos necesarios para la toma de decisiones. En este artículo se realiza una estimación de la presencia de diarreas en niños por Rotavirus frente a condiciones climáticas a través del factor bayesiano que, incluye una correlación de Pearson, donde se caracteriza la distribución posterior y se estima el factor de Bayes. Para tal fin se analizan series de datos climático temporales y series de datos de pacientes enfermos con diarreas por rotavirus. El estudio se realiza en el municipio de Pinar del Río, en el periodo comprendido de noviembre de 2018 – mayo 2019. La población susceptible a la enfermedad es de 516 pacientes, para una muestra de 210 niños, con edad de 1 mes de nacido a 5 años de vida y que fueron hospitalizados en el Hospital Pediátrico Pepe Portilla de la provincia de Pinar del Río. Los resultados obtenidos a través de una correlación lineal de Pearson es que existe una correlación significativa muy por debajo del P valor y se plantea al respecto que, en la medida que existe un mayor número de precipitaciones, mayores son los enfermos con diarreas por rotavirus. Posteriormente se calcula el Factor Bayes para corroborar lo planteado; obteniéndose un valor igual a 0.124, resultado que demuestra la existencia de evidencia moderada de que los enfermos con diarreas por rotavirus.Medicine faces the challenge of acquiring, analyzing and applying knowledge to solve complex clinical problems. There are innumerable advances that involve the intensive use of technology to correlate the data necessary for decision making. In this article, an estimate of the presence of diarrhea in children due to Rotavirus is carried out against climatic conditions through the Bayesian factor that includes a Pearson correlation, where the posterior distribution is characterized and the Bayes factor is estimated. For this purpose, a series of temporal climatic data and data series of sick patients with rotavirus diarrhea are analyzed. The study was carried out in the municipality of Pinar del Río, in the period from November 2018 to May 2019. The population susceptible to the disease is 516 patients, for a sample of 210 children, aged 1 month from birth to 5 years of age and who were hospitalized at the Pepe Portilla Pediatric Hospital in the province of Pinar del Río. The results obtained through a Pearson linear correlation is that there is a significant correlation well below the P value and it is argued in this regard that, as there is a greater number of precipitations, the greater the number of patients with rotavirus diarrhea. Subsequently, the Bayes Factor is calculated to corroborate what has been raised; obtaining a value equal to 0.12

An open-source development based on photogrammetry for a real-time IORT treatment planning system

Purpose This study presents a treatment planning system for intraoperative low-energy photon radiotherapy based on photogrammetry from real images of the surgical site taken in the operating room. Material and methods The study population comprised 15 patients with soft-tissue sarcoma. The system obtains the images of the area to be irradiated with a smartphone or tablet, so that the absorbed doses in the tissue can be calculated from the reconstruction without the need for computed tomography. The system was commissioned using 3D printing of the reconstructions of the tumor beds. The absorbed doses at various points were verified using radiochromic films that were suitably calibrated for the corresponding energy and beam quality. Results The average reconstruction time of the 3D model from the video sequence in the 15 patients was 229,6±7,0 s. The entire procedure, including video capture, reconstruction, planning, and dose calculation was 520,6±39,9 s. Absorbed doses were measured on the 3D printed model with radiochromic film, the differences between these measurements and those calculated by the treatment planning system were 1.4% at the applicator surface, 2.6% at 1 cm, 3.9% at 2 cm and 6.2% at 3 cm. Conclusions The study shows a photogrammetry-based low-energy photon IORT planning system, capable of obtaining real-time images inside the operating room, immediately after removal of the tumor and immediately before irradiation. The system was commissioned with radiochromic films measurements in 3D-printed model

Monitoring system of environmental variables for a strawberry crop using IoT tools

This research work is aimed at strengthening the resources that farmers have for crops management of pests and diseases in a digital way using internet of things through the development of a prototype. It can obtain important information of variables within a strawberry crop such as Relative Humidity, temperature and pH. These data are processed and received by means of protocols in real time. These devices allow managing the information of different variables through communication among sensors. This study presents the most critical characteristics of the strawberry by using the data collection of an IoT system. In this way the initial results can demonstrate that the system yields important information for the appropriate management of strawberry crop production

Calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine A and tacrolimus induce vascular inflammation and endothelial activation through TLR4 signaling

The introduction of the calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) cyclosporine and tacrolimus greatly reduced the rate of allograft rejection, although their chronic use is marred by a range of side effects, among them vascular toxicity. In transplant patients, it is proved that innate immunity promotes vascular injury triggered by ischemia-reperfusion damage, atherosclerosis and hypertension. We hypothesized that activation of the innate immunity and inflammation may contribute to CNI toxicity, therefore we investigated whether TLR4 mediates toxic responses of CNIs in the vasculature. Cyclosporine and tacrolimus increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines and endothelial activation markers in cultured murine endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells as well as in ex vivo cultures of murine aortas. CNI-induced proinflammatory events were prevented by pharmacological inhibition of TLR4. Moreover, CNIs were unable to induce inflammation and endothelial activation in aortas from TLR4−/− mice. CNI-induced cytokine and adhesion molecules synthesis in endothelial cells occurred even in the absence of calcineurin, although its expression was required for maximal effect through upregulation of TLR4 signaling. CNI-induced TLR4 activity increased O2 −/ROS production and NF-κB-regulated synthesis of proinflammatory factors in cultured as well as aortic endothelial and VSMCs. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms associated with CNI vascular inflammationThis work was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministerio de Economía Competitividad, Gobierno de España): FEDER funds ISCIII RETIC REDINREN RD12/0021, PI11/02242, PI13/00047, PI14/0041, PI14/00386, PI15/01460; Comunidad de Madrid (CIFRA S2010/BMD-2378); Sociedad Española de Nefrología. Salary support: RR-D: CIFRA; CO-S: Fundación Conchita Rábago de Jiménez Díaz; CG-G and RRR-D: REDINREN; AO: Programa Intensificación Actividad Investigadora (ISCIII/Agencia Laín-Entralgo/CM); JE and MRO: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; AMR: Contrato Miguel Serve (ISCIII

Anti-Doping Knowledge of Students Undertaking Bachelor’s Degrees in Sports Sciences in Spain

In Spain, students pursuing a career in athletic training, physical education, or scientific evaluation of sports enroll in a bachelor’s degree in sports sciences. This degree provides knowledge and skills in a broad array of sports settings and promotes research-based interdisciplinary knowledge. However, the student’s syllabus rarely includes specific academic training on anti-doping regulations or doping prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-doping knowledge of the students undertaking a bachelor’s degree in sports sciences in Spanish universities. One thousand two hundred and thirty-three bachelor students in sport science (907 males, 322 females, and 4 participants with non-binary sex) from 26 Spanish universities completed a validated questionnaire about general anti-doping knowledge. The questionnaire is an adapted version of the Play True Quiz of the World Anti-Doping Agency and contains 37 multiple-choice questions. The score obtained in the questionnaire was transformed into a 0–100-point scale. The questionnaire was distributed among students within each university by a faculty member and it was filled out online. Students obtained a score of 65.8 ± 10.10 points (range = 32–92 points). There was an effect of the course in the score obtained (p < 0.001). Students of the first course (63.6 ± 9.5 points) had lower scores than the remaining courses (p < 0.037) while the students of the fourth course obtained the highest scores (68.7 ± 9.5 points; p < 0.019). The students with an itinerary on sports performance were the respondents with the highest anti-doping knowledge (67.2 ± 10.2) points, followed by the students with an itinerary on health (66.7 ± 9.5 points). The knowledge of basic anti-doping rules and doping prevention strategies of the bachelor students in sports sciences in Spain was suboptimal. Increasing doping prevention information in the syllabus of the bachelor’s degree in sports sciences is essential as these future professionals will directly work with populations at risk of dopin

Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of Silver/Transition-metal Combinatorial Treatments

Due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains, development of novel antibiotics has become a critical issue. One promising approach is the use of transition metals, since they exhibit rapid and significant toxicity, at low concentrations, in prokaryotic cells. Nevertheless, one main drawback of transition metals is their toxicity in eukaryotic cells. Here, we show that the barriers to use them as therapeutic agents could be mitigated by combining them with silver. We demonstrate that synergism of combinatorial treatments (Silver/transition metals, including Zn, Co, Cd, Ni, and Cu) increases up to 8-fold their antimicrobial effect, when compared to their individual effects, against E. coli and B. subtilis. We find that most combinatorial treatments exhibit synergistic antimicrobial effects at low/ non-toxic concentrations to human keratinocyte cells, blast and melanoma rat cell lines. Moreover, we show that silver/(Cu, Ni, and Zn) increase prokaryotic cell permeability at sub-inhibitory concentrations, demonstrating this to be a possible mechanism of the synergistic behavior. Together, these results suggest that these combinatorial treatments will play an important role in the future development of antimicrobial agents and treatments against infections. In specific, the cytotoxicity experiments show that the combinations have great potential in the treatment of topical infections