Le pluriel en fang ntumu

Le fang est une langue bantu, il comporte cinq dialectes dont fait parti le ntúmú. Le fang ntúmú est une langue à classe. Tous les nominaux d’une classe gouvernent le même accord et la langue leur affecte un indice de type préfixal : le préfixe nominal.Le préfixe nominal apporte des informations sur la classe, mais également sur le nombre. Les travaux menés au sujet du pluriel en fang ntúmú montrent que celui-ci est obtenu par l’agencement de deux préfixes : celui du pluriel et du singulier.Nous montrerons pour notre part qu’il s’agit en réalité d’une construction préfixale complexe de type CVN, ce qui serait assez novateur puisque le préfixe nominal dans les langues bantu est généralement de type Ø-, C-, V- ou CV-. Notre communication s’inscrit dans le deuxième axe des RJC qui définit le cotexte comme l’ensemble des unités linguistiques.Fang is a bantu language. It contains 5 dialects and ntúmú is one of them. Fang ntúmú makes classification of his nouns. All nouns of the same class govern the same agreement, and the language allocates to them a prefixal mark: the nominal prefix. The nominal prefix brings information not only about the class of every noun, but also about number. Some works about the plural in fang ntumu show that this one is obtained by the arrangement of two prefixes: that of plural and that of singular. We shall show for our part that the plural is really obtained by a complex prefixal construction with tree elements: a consonant, a vowel and a nasal. So, his structure is CVN. This conception is innovative because the structure of nominal prefix in bantu languages is generally, Ø-, C-, V-, or CV-. This communication joins in the second axis of RJC, which defines the cotext as all linguistic units

Onyùmə́nyùmà, le règne olfactif chez les Fang-Ntumu du Gabon

Lorsque vous parlez des odeurs à un locuteur fang-ntumu, la première réaction est celle du dégoût, comme si le terme ènyùm « odeur » était pour lui synonyme de ènyùm àbé « mauvaise odeur ». Le présent travail vise donc à étudier ònyùmə́nyùmà c’est-à-dire l’univers olfactif fang-ntumu afin de répondre à trois questions : Pour les Ntumu, qu’est-ce qui sent ? Qu’est-ce que ça sent ? Comment ça sent ? Il s’agira, d’une part d’identifier et de catégoriser les sources odorantes et les odeurs pertinentes dans l’environnement fang-ntumu. Il s’agira d’autre part, d’examiner la catégorisation endogène des odeurs et de déterminer les principes sous-jacents qui fondent le jugement olfactif au sein de la population étudiée.When you talk about ènyùm ‘’odour’’ to a Fang-Ntumu speaker, his first reaction is disgust. For this people, ènyùm ‘’odour’’ seems to deal with ènyùm àbé ‘’bad odour’’.This paper is about ònyùmə́nyùmà, that Fang-Ntumu’s olfactory surroundings. It will answer to three principal questions: What’s smell? What does it smell? How does it smell? In this paper we shall identify and classify odorous sources, and producted odours. In addition, we’ll study own Fang-Ntumu odours classification, and determine the deeper principle which explain their olfactory judgment

Propiedades tecnológicas de la harina de trigo sarraceno en función de su tamaño de partícula. Aplicación en panificación sin gluten

El trigo sarraceno es un pseudocereal de alto valor nutricional y de gran interés en panificación sin gluten. Se han investigado las propiedades tecnológicas de la harina de trigo sarraceno en función del tamaño de partícula y su incorporación en masas y panes sin gluten. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo la caracterización de la harina y sus diferentes fracciones y el estudio de sus propiedades funcionales y de empastado. Ensayos oscilatorios (barridos de esfuerzos y barrido de frecuencias) tanto de geles como de masas y ensayos de creep-recoveryen masas, fueron empleados para el estudio del comportamiento viscoelástico. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la fracción S (<50μm) presentaba en general mejores propiedades funcionales que el resto de las harinas. Todas las muestras de trigo sarraceno mostraron un pico de viscosidad, breakdown, setback y viscosidad final menor que la harina de arroz (R). Además, las diferentes fracciones de trigo sarraceno mostraron mayores valores de G’ y G’’ comparados con la harina de arroz. En cuanto a la calidad de los panes elaborados, aquellos que se obtuvieron con la fracción ML (harina exenta de la fracción de menor tamaño de partícula) mostraron el menor volumen y pérdida de peso y presentaron los mayores valores de dureza e incremento de dureza a los 7 días de almacenamiento.Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y ForestalMáster en Calidad, Desarrollo e Innovación de Alimentos2020-07-122020-07-1

Plasmodium vivax-like genome sequences shed new insights into Plasmodium vivax biology and evolution

Although Plasmodium vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria infections outside Africa, little is known about its evolution and pathway to humans. Its closest genetic relative, P. vivax-like, was discovered in African great apes and is hypothesized to have given rise to P. vivax in humans. To unravel the evolutionary history and adaptation of P. vivax to different host environments, we generated using long- and short-read sequence technologies 2 new P. vivax-like reference genomes and 9 additional P. vivax-like genotypes. Analyses show that the genomes of P. vivax and P. vivax-like are highly similar and colinear within the core regions. Phylogenetic analyses clearly show that P. vivax-like parasites form a genetically distinct clade from P. vivax. Concerning the relative divergence dating, we show that the evolution of P. vivax in humans did not occur at the same time as the other agents of human malaria, thus suggesting that the transfer of Plasmodium parasites to humans happened several times independently over the history of the Homo genus. We further identify several key genes that exhibit signatures of positive selection exclusively in the human P. vivax parasites. Two of these genes have been identified to also be under positive selection in the other main human malaria agent, P. falciparum, thus suggesting their key role in the evolution of the ability of these parasites to infect humans or their anthropophilic vectors. Finally, we demonstrate that some gene families important for red blood cell (RBC) invasion (a key step of the life cycle of these parasites) have undergone lineage-specific evolution in the human parasite (e.g., reticulocyte-binding proteins [RBPs])

Concurrent Chikungunya and Dengue Virus Infections during Simultaneous Outbreaks, Gabon, 2007

An outbreak of febrile illness occurred in Gabon in 2007, with 20,000 suspected cases. Chikungunya or dengue-2 virus infections were identified in 321 patients; 8 patients had documented co-infections. Aedes albopictus was identified as the principal vector for the transmission of both viruses

High Prevalence of Both Humoral and Cellular Immunity to Zaire ebolavirus among Rural Populations in Gabon

To better understand Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) circulation and transmission to humans, we conducted a large serological survey of rural populations in Gabon, a country characterized by both epidemic and non epidemic regions. The survey lasted three years and covered 4,349 individuals from 220 randomly selected villages, representing 10.7% of all villages in Gabon. Using a sensitive and specific ELISA method, we found a ZEBOV-specific IgG seroprevalence of 15.3% overall, the highest ever reported. The seroprevalence rate was significantly higher in forested areas (19.4%) than in other ecosystems, namely grassland (12.4%), savannah (10.5%), and lakeland (2.7%). No other risk factors for seropositivity were found. The specificity of anti-ZEBOV IgG was confirmed by Western blot in 138 individuals, and CD8 T cells from seven IgG+ individuals were shown to produce IFN-γ after ZEBOV stimulation. Together, these findings show that a large fraction of the human population living in forested areas of Gabon has both humoral and cellular immunity to ZEBOV. In the absence of identified risk factors, the high prevalence of “immune” persons suggests a common source of human exposure such as fruits contaminated by bat saliva. These findings provide significant new insights into ZEBOV circulation and human exposure, and raise important questions as to the human pathogenicity of ZEBOV and the existence of natural protective immunization

Ubiquitous Hepatocystis infections, but no evidence of Plasmodium falciparum-like malaria parasites in wild greater spot-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans)

Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) have been identified as the natural reservoir of the parasites that were the immediate precursor of Plasmodium falciparum infecting humans. Recently, a P. falciparum-like sequence was reported in a sample from a captive greater spot-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), and was taken to indicate that this species may also be a natural reservoir for P. falciparum-related parasites. To test this hypothesis we screened blood samples from 292 wild C nictitans monkeys that had been hunted for bushmeat in Cameroon. We detected Hepatocystis spp. in 49% of the samples, as well as one sequence from a clade of Plasmodium spp. previously found in birds, lizards and bats. However, none of the 292 wild C. nictitans harbored P. falciparum-like parasites

Haemosporidian parasites of Antelopes and other vertebrates from Gabon, Central Africa

Re-examination, using molecular tools, of the diversity of haemosporidian parasites (among which the agents of human malaria are the best known) has generally led to rearrangements of traditional classifications. In this study, we explored the diversity of haemosporidian parasites infecting vertebrate species (particularly mammals, birds and reptiles) living in the forests of Gabon (Central Africa), by analyzing a collection of 492 bushmeat samples. We found that samples from five mammalian species (four duiker and one pangolin species), one bird and one turtle species were infected by haemosporidian parasites. In duikers (from which most of the infected specimens were obtained), we demonstrated the existence of at least two distinct parasite lineages related to Polychromophilus species (i. e., bat haemosporidian parasites) and to sauropsid Plasmodium (from birds and lizards). Molecular screening of sylvatic mosquitoes captured during a longitudinal survey revealed the presence of these haemosporidian parasite lineages also in several Anopheles species, suggesting a potential role in their transmission. Our results show that, differently from what was previously thought, several independent clades of haemosporidian parasites (family Plasmodiidae) infect mammals and are transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes

Genomes of all known members of a Plasmodium subgenus reveal paths to virulent human malaria

Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria, shares a recent common ancestor with the gorilla parasite Plasmodium praefalciparum. Little is known about the other gorilla- and chimpanzee-infecting species in the same (Laverania) subgenus as P. falciparum, but none of them are capable of establishing repeated infection and transmission in humans. To elucidate underlying mechanisms and the evolutionary history of this subgenus, we have generated multiple genomes from all known Laverania species. The completeness of our dataset allows us to conclude that interspecific gene transfers, as well as convergent evolution, were important in the evolution of these species. Striking copy number and structural variations were observed within gene families and one, stevor, shows a host-specific sequence pattern. The complete genome sequence of the closest ancestor of P. falciparum enables us to estimate the timing of the beginning of speciation to be 40,000–60,000 years ago followed by a population bottleneck around 4,000–6,000 years ago. Our data allow us also to search in detail for the features of P. falciparum that made it the only member of the Laverania able to infect and spread in humans

A New Malaria Agent in African Hominids

Plasmodium falciparum is the major human malaria agent responsible for 200 to 300 million infections and one to three million deaths annually, mainly among African infants. The origin and evolution of this pathogen within the human lineage is still unresolved. A single species, P. reichenowi, which infects chimpanzees, is known to be a close sister lineage of P. falciparum. Here we report the discovery of a new Plasmodium species infecting Hominids. This new species has been isolated in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) kept as pets by villagers in Gabon (Africa). Analysis of its complete mitochondrial genome (5529 nucleotides including Cyt b, Cox I and Cox III genes) reveals an older divergence of this lineage from the clade that includes P. falciparum and P. reichenowi (∼21±9 Myrs ago using Bayesian methods and considering that the divergence between P. falciparum and P. reichenowi occurred 4 to 7 million years ago as generally considered in the literature). This time frame would be congruent with the radiation of hominoids, suggesting that this Plasmodium lineage might have been present in early hominoids and that they may both have experienced a simultaneous diversification. Investigation of the nuclear genome of this new species will further the understanding of the genetic adaptations of P. falciparum to humans. The risk of transfer and emergence of this new species in humans must be now seriously considered given that it was found in two chimpanzees living in contact with humans and its close relatedness to the most virulent agent of malaria