4,333 research outputs found
Deception about study purpose does not affect participant behavior
The use of deception in research is divisive along disciplinary lines. Whereas psychologists argue that deception may be necessary to obtain unbiased measures, economists hold that deception can generate suspicion of researchers, invalidating measures and âpoisoningâ the participant pool for others. However, experimental studies on the efects of deception, notably false-purpose deceptionâ the most common form of experimental deceptionâare scarce. Challenges with participant attrition and avoiding confounds with a form of deception in which two related studies are presented as unrelated likely explain this scarcity. Here, we avoid these issues, testing within an experiment to what extent false-purpose deception afects honesty. We deploy two commonly used incentivized measures of honesty and unethical behavior: coin-fip and die-roll tasks. Across two pre-registered studies with over 2000 crowdsourced participants, we found that false-purpose deception did not afect honesty in either task, even when we deliberately provoked suspicion of deception. Past experience of deception also had no bearing on honesty. However, incentivized measures of norms indicated that many participants had reservations about researcher use of false-purpose deception in generalâoften considered the least concerning form of deception. Together, these fndings suggest that while false-purpose deception is not fundamentally problematic in the context of measuring honesty, it should only be used as a method of last resort. Our results motivate further experimental research to study the causal efects of other forms of deception, and other potential spillovers
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Think global, act local: Preserving the global commons
Preserving global public goods, such as the planetâs ecosystem, depends on large-scale cooperation, which is difficult to achieve because the standard reciprocity mechanisms weaken in large groups. Here we demonstrate a method by which reciprocity can maintain cooperation in a large-scale public goods game (PGG). In a first experiment, participants in groups of on average 39 people play one round of a Prisonerâs Dilemma (PD) with their two nearest neighbours on a cyclic network after each PGG round. We observe that people engage in âlocal-to-globalâ reciprocity, leveraging local interactions to enforce global cooperation: Participants reduce PD cooperation with neighbours who contribute little in the PGG. In response, low PGG contributors increase their contributions if both neighbours defect in the PD. In a control condition, participants do not know their neighboursâ PGG contribution and thus cannot link play in the PD to the PGG. In the control we observe a sharp decline of cooperation in the PGG, while in the treatment condition global cooperation is maintained. In a second experiment, we demonstrate the scalability of this effect: in a 1,000-person PGG, participants in the treatment condition successfully sustain public contributions. Our findings suggest that this simple âlocal-to-globalâ intervention facilitates large-scale cooperation
FIRBACK IV: Towards the nature of the 170microns source population
We present a detailed study of the brighter ( detections) sources
in the 170m FIRBACK northern N1 ISO survey, with the help of complementary
data in the optical, radio, and mid-IR domain. For 82% of them, an optical
galaxy counterpart is identified, either as the unique source of the IR
emission, or as part of a multiple identification. With less than 15% of AGNs,
these sources are essentially local, moderate starbursters with a dominating
cold dust component. and represent a population of cold galaxies rather
neglected up to now. Their colours do not match those of the far-IR Cosmic IR
Background (CIB), to which they contribute less than 5%. The bulk of the
sources contributing to the CIB is thus to be searched for in more distant
galaxies, possibly counterparts of the fainter FIRBACK sources still under
study. These bright, local, galaxies however play an important role in the
evolution of IR galaxies: they dominate the number counts at high 170 m
fluxes, and represent half of the contribution at 250 mJy. Although not
particularly massive (typically M*), they form more stars than a typical spiral
galaxy and many are bulge dominated, that could represent the remnant of a
former merger. The fainter part of this population may represent the missing
link with the higher-z sources found in sub-mm observations.Comment: 40 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
The Cosmic Far-Infrared Background Buildup Since Redshift 2 at 70 and 160 microns in the COSMOS and GOODS fields
The Cosmic Far-Infrared Background (CIB) at wavelengths around 160 {\mu}m
corresponds to the peak intensity of the whole Extragalactic Background Light,
which is being measured with increasing accuracy. However, the build up of the
CIB emission as a function of redshift, is still not well known. Our goal is to
measure the CIB history at 70 {\mu}m and 160 {\mu}m at different redshifts, and
provide constraints for infrared galaxy evolution models. We use complete deep
Spitzer 24 {\mu}m catalogs down to about 80 {\mu}Jy, with spectroscopic and
photometric redshifts identifications, from the GOODS and COSMOS deep infrared
surveys covering 2 square degrees total. After cleaning the Spitzer/MIPS 70
{\mu}m and 160 {\mu}m maps from detected sources, we stacked the far-IR images
at the positions of the 24 {\mu}m sources in different redshift bins. We
measured the contribution of each stacked source to the total 70 and 160 {\mu}m
light, and compare with model predictions and recent far-IR measurements made
with Herschel/PACS on smaller fields. We have detected components of the 70 and
160 {\mu}m backgrounds in different redshift bins up to z ~ 2. The contribution
to the CIB is maximum at 0.3 <= z <= 0.9 at 160{\mu}m (and z <= 0.5 at 70
{\mu}m). A total of 81% (74%) of the 70 (160) {\mu}m background was emitted at
z < 1. We estimate that the AGN relative contribution to the far-IR CIB is less
than about 10% at z < 1.5. We provide a comprehensive view of the CIB buildup
at 24, 70, 100, 160 {\mu}m. IR galaxy models predicting a major contribution to
the CIB at z < 1 are in agreement with our measurements, while our results
discard other models that predict a peak of the background at higher redshifts.
Our results are available online http://www.ias.u-psud.fr/irgalaxies/ .Comment: Accepted in Astronomy & Astrophysic
An ISOCAM survey through gravitationally lensing galaxy clusters
ISOCAM was used to perform a deep survey through three gravitationally
lensing clusters of galaxies. Nearly seventy sq. arcmin were covered over the
clusters A370, A2218 and A2390. We present maps and photometry at 6.7 & 14.3
microns, showing a total of 145 mid-IR sources and the associated source
counts. The 15 micron counts reach the faintest level yet recorded. All sources
have counterparts in the optical or near-IR. Models of the clusters were used
to correct for the effects of lensing, which increases the sensitivity of the
survey. Seven of fifteen SCUBA sources were detected at 15 microns. Five have
redshift between 0.23 & 2.8, with a median of 0.9. The field sources were
counted to a lensing-corrected sensitivity of 30 microJy at 15 microns, and 14
microJy at 7 microns. The counts, corrected for completeness, contamination by
cluster sources and lensing, confirm and extend findings of an excess by a
factor of ten in the 15 micron population with respect to source models with no
evolution. Source redshifts are mostly between 0.4 and 1.5. For the counts at 7
microns, integrating from 14 microJy to 460 microJy, we resolve 0.49+/-0.2
nW.m^(-2).sr^(-1) of the infrared background light (IBL) into discrete sources.
At 15 microns we include the counts from other ISOCAM surveys to integrate from
30 microJy to 50 mJy, two to three times deeper than unlensed surveys, to
resolve 2.7+/-0.62 nW.m^(-2).sr^(-1) of the IBL. These values are 10% and 55%,
respectively, of the upper limit to the IBL, derived from photon-photon pair
production of the TeV gamma rays from BL-Lac sources on the IBL photons.
However, recent detections of TeV gamma rays from the z=0.129 BL Lac H1426+428
suggest that the 15 micron background reported implies substantial absorption
of TeV photons from that source.Comment: 35 pages, 17 figures, to appear in Astronomy and Astrophysics, full
paper with high-resolution figures available at
http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/science/pub/2003
The Extragalactic IR Background
Current limits on the intensity of the extragalactic infrared background are
consistent with the expected contribution from evolving galaxies. Depending on
the behaviour of the star formation rate and of the initial mass function, we
can expect that dust extinction during early evolutionary phases ranges from
moderate to strong. An example of the latter case may be the ultraluminous
galaxy IRAS F. The remarkable lack of high redshift galaxies in
faint optically selected samples may be indirect evidence that strong
extinction is common during early phases. Testable implications of different
scenarios are discussed; ISO can play a key role in this context. Estimates of
possible contributions of galaxies to the background under different
assumptions are presented. The COBE/FIRAS limits on deviations from a blackbody
spectrum at sub-mm wavelengths already set important constraints on the
evolution of the far-IR emission of galaxies and on the density of obscured
(``Type 2'') AGNs. A major progress in the field is expected at the completion
of the analysis of COBE/DIRBE data.Comment: 1994, invited review to be published in the Proc. of the Internatinal
Conf. "Dust, Molecules and Backgrounds: from Laboratory to Space", Capri
(NA), Italy, 12--15 September, 1994, in press. Tex file, 16 pages, 6 figures
not included. ASTRPD-94-10-0
Search for charged Higgs decays of the top quark using hadronic tau decays
We present the result of a search for charged Higgs decays of the top quark,
produced in collisions at 1.8 TeV. When the charged
Higgs is heavy and decays to a tau lepton, which subsequently decays
hadronically, the resulting events have a unique signature: large missing
transverse energy and the low-charged-multiplicity tau. Data collected in the
period 1992-1993 at the Collider Detector at Fermilab, corresponding to
18.70.7~pb, exclude new regions of combined top quark and charged
Higgs mass, in extensions to the standard model with two Higgs doublets.Comment: uuencoded, gzipped tar file of LaTeX and 6 Postscript figures; 11 pp;
submitted to Phys. Rev.
Inclusive jet cross section in collisions at TeV
The inclusive jet differential cross section has been measured for jet
transverse energies, , from 15 to 440 GeV, in the pseudorapidity region
0.10.7. The results are based on 19.5 pb of data
collected by the CDF collaboration at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. The data
are compared with QCD predictions for various sets of parton distribution
functions. The cross section for jets with GeV is significantly
higher than current predictions based on O() perturbative QCD
calculations. Various possible explanations for the high- excess are
discussed.Comment: 8 pages with 2 eps uu-encoded figures Submitted to Physical Review
Letter
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