24 research outputs found

    A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics

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    The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the mostpressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenontime-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the availableparameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), whilefeaturing extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates.These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decayand through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-baseddetector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantlyadvance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, andcosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector.<br

    A next-generation liquid xenon observatory for dark matter and neutrino physics

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    The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for weakly interacting massive particles, while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector

    Neue ternÀre und quaternÀre Nitridoverbindungen

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    In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Verbindungsbildung in den quaternĂ€ren Systemen Li–EA–M–N (EA=Ca, Sr, Ba ; M = Mn, Re, Cr) untersucht. Die Kristallstrukturen der erhaltenen Verbindungen wurden durch Röntgenstrukturanalysen am Einkristall bestimmt. Die Übergangsmetalle werden in den erhalten Nitridometallaten unter Ausbildung von komplexen Nitridometallat-Anionen von Stickstoff koordiniert. In den Nitridorhenaten(VII) LiEA2[ReVIIN4] (EA=Sr, Ba) sind isolierte [ReN4]5--Tetraeder enthalten. In den Verbindungen Li6EA2[MnIV2N6] (EA=Ca, Sr) und Li6Sr2[CrV2N6] liegen komplexe Anionen [M2N6]n- mit homonuclearen M–M-Kontakten vor. Im Falle von Li6EA2[MnIV2N6] liegt eine unverbrĂŒckte Mn–Mn-Bindung vor. In Li4Sr2[CrV2N6] werden die Cr-Atome durch zwei Nitridoliganden verbrĂŒckt. Die Wechselwirkung der Übergangsmetalle in diesen Nitridometallaten wurde durch quantenchemische Rechnungen (Bandstruktur, Elektronenlokalisierungsfunktion) und magnetische SuszeptibilitĂ€tsmessungen charakterisiert. In den komplexen Anionen [MnIV2N6]10- liegt demnach eine Mn–Mn-Einfachbindung vor. Die an den Mn-Zentren verbleibenden zwei Elektronen (MnIV = d3) sind parallel zueinander orientiert und zeigen eine antiferromagnetische Kopplung zu den beiden Elektronen des benachbarten Mn-Atoms im Dimer. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, daß die im Jahre 1948 von Juza und Mitarbeitern publizierte Verbindung LiMgN eine Hochtemperaturmodifikation (a-LiMgN) darstellt. Die Kristallstruktur der bei Raumtemperatur stabilen Modifikation (b-LiMgN) wurde durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse am Einkristall bestimmt. Die reversible Phasenumwandlung von b- in a-LiMgN wurde durch thermische Analysemethoden (DTA/TG, DSC) sowie anhand von Röntgenpulverdiagrammen bei erhöhter Temperatur untersucht. In beiden Modifikationen des LiMgN besetzen die Li- und Mg-Ionen die TetraederlĂŒcken der von Stickstoff gebilden fcc-Packung. Im Rahmen der Phasenumwandlung geht die geordnete Verteilung (b-LiMgN) der Li- und Mg-Ionen in eine ungeordnete (a-LiMgN) ĂŒber

    Tracking the temporal dynamics of insect defoliation by high‐resolution radar satellite data

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    Quantifying tree defoliation by insects over large areas is a major challenge in forest management, but it is essential in ecosystem assessments of disturbance and resistance against herbivory. However, the trajectory from leaf-flush to insect defoliation to refoliation in broadleaf trees is highly variable. Its tracking requires high temporal- and spatial-resolution data, particularly in fragmented forests. In a unique replicated field experiment manipulating gypsy moth Lymantria dispar densities in mixed-oak forests, we examined the utility of publicly accessible satellite-borne radar (Sentinel-1) to track the fine-scale temporal trajectory of defoliation. The ratio of backscatter intensity between two polarizations from radar data of the growing season constituted a canopy development index (CDI) and a normalized CDI (NCDI), which were validated by optical (Sentinel-2) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data as well by intensive caterpillar sampling from canopy fogging. The CDI and NCDI strongly correlated with optical and TLS data (Spearman's ρ = 0.79 and 0.84, respectively). The ΔNCDIIDefoliation(A−C)_{Defoliation(A−C)} significantly explained caterpillar abundance (R2^{2} = 0.52). The NCDI at critical timesteps and ΔNCDI related to defoliation and refoliation well discriminated between heavily and lightly defoliated forests. We demonstrate that the high spatial and temporal resolution and the cloud independence of Sentinel-1 radar potentially enable spatially unrestricted measurements of the highly dynamic canopy herbivory. This can help monitor insect pests, improve the prediction of outbreaks and facilitate the monitoring of forest disturbance, one of the high priority Essential Biodiversity Variables, in the near future
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