Adubação nitrogenada e pulverização foliar de Azospirillum brasilense em trigo: efeitos na nutrição mineral e produtividade

The use of Azospirillum brasilense has the potential to improve plant nitrogen (N) use efficiency, while a better understanding of alternative management practices with inoculation is necessary. The aim was to examine the effects of the leaf application of A. brasilense in association with nitrogen fertilization on the wheat crop. The experiment was conducted in Lidianópolis, Paraná, Brazil, in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The treatments included four doses of A. brasilense for leaf application (0, 200, 400, and 600 ml ha-1) and four doses of N (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha-1). The nutritional content, yield components, quality, and yield of the wheat crop were evaluated. There was no interaction among the factors, nor did the treatments have an isolated effect on spike length, the number of spikelets per spike, spikes per m2, thousand grain weight, and test weight. However, doses of A. brasilense increased calcium and magnesium absorption at 283 and 380 ml ha-1, respectively. Similarly, nitrogen application increased the content of calcium, magnesium, and copper in the leaf at 61, 47, and 49 kg N ha-1, respectively. Nitrogen also increased the number of grains per spike and yield at 56 and 54 kg N ha-1, respectively. Yield correlated with the number of grains per spike and the manganese and copper content in the leaf. The results demonstrate that the inoculation of leaves with A. brasilense favored a higher absorption of divalent cationic macronutrients and that N was fundamental to increasing the yield, with the best responses observed between 47 and 61 kg ha-1.O uso de Azospirillum brasilense apresenta potencial em melhorar a eficiência de uso do nitrogênio (N), sendo necessário melhor compreensão de formas alternativas de inoculação, visto que o tratamento químico de sementes pode comprometer a eficiência das bactérias. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do A. brasilense aplicado via foliar associado a adubação nitrogenada na cultura do trigo. O experimento foi implantado em Lidianópolis, no estado do Paraná, Brasil, em blocos completos com tratamentos ao acaso e quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos: quatro doses de A. brasilense via foliar (0, 200, 400 e 600 ml ha-1) e quatro doses de N (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg N ha-1). Foram avaliados os teores nutricionais, componentes de rendimento, qualidade e produtividade. Não houve interação entre os fatores, tampouco efeito isolado dos tratamentos para comprimento da espiga, número de espiguetas por espiga, espigas por m², massa de mil grãos e peso de hectolitro. Todavia as doses de A. brasilense, aumentaram a absorção de Ca e Mg até a dose de 283 e 380 ml ha-1, respectivamente. De modo similar, o N aplicado aumentou os teores foliares de cálcio, magnésio, além de cobre até a dose de 61, 47 e 49 kg ha-1 de N, respectivamente. O N também incrementou o número de grãos por espiga e a produtividade até a dose 56 e 54 kg N ha-1, respectivamente, porém a eficiência de uso de N diminuiu com o aumento da dose. A produtividade se correlacionou com número de grãos por espiga e teores foliares de manganês e cobre. Os resultados demonstram que a inoculação com A. brasilense foliar foi favorável a maior absorção de macronutrientes catiônicos divalentes, e o N fundamental para aumento da produtividade, sendo as melhores respostas obtidas entre as doses de 47 a 61 kg ha-1

Normas foliares e diagnóstico nutricional do cafeeiro conilon na pré-florada e granação, no espírito santo

The cultivation technology of Coffea canephora advanced significantly, as well as the nutritional requirements of the plants. The objective of this study was to establish the sufficiency range and Leaf Norms (DRIS) of Conilon coffee crops in floweting and grain graining in Espírito Santo, as well as nutritional diagnosis assessment in the region by different methods. The crops selected for the establishment of leaf patterns showed productivity greater than or equal to 6,000 kg ha-1. The samples were collected in 20 farms in two seasons, floweting (June and July 2012) and grain graining (October and November 2012). To check the differences between the standards (mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the nutrient and their respective relationships with other nutrients) the F test (ANOVA) was used. Nutritional diagnosis was performed using the sufficiency ranges and DRIS index. 245 fields sampled in the phase of grain filling and 313 in the pre-flowering phase. The standards set are appropriate for a representative nutritional diagnosis to the north of the Espírito Santo, since they are based on high-yield crops. The average concentrations of N, P, K, S, Cu and Zn were higher in the graining period of Conilon coffee, while the average concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe were higher in floweting period. There were differences in 87 relations of nutrients among the 110, between two sampling periods. It is suggested that the sufficiency range approach and DRIS norms are specific to each sampling time, otherwise the diagnosis can be inconsistent.As tecnologias de cultivo do Coffea canephora avançaram significativamente, bem como as exigências nutricionais das plantas. Objetivou-se estabelecer faixa de suficiência e normas DRIS, para lavouras de cafeeiro Conilon em pré-florada e enchimento de grãos no Espírito Santo, bem como realizar diagnóstico nutricional na região por diferentes métodos. As lavouras selecionadas para o estabelecimento dos padrões foliares apresentaram produtividade igual ou superior a 6.000 kg ha- 1. As coletas foram realizadas em 20 lavouras em duas épocas, pré-florada (junho e julho de 2012) e no enchimento dos grãos (outubro e novembro de 2012). Para verificar as diferenças entre as normas (média, desvio padrão e coeficiente de variação do nutriente e de suas respectivas relações com outros nutrientes) utilizou-se o teste F (Anova). O diagnóstico nutricional foi realizado utilizando as faixas de suficiência e o índice DRIS, sendo diagnosticadas 245 lavouras amostradas no período de enchimento dos grãos e 313 na pré-florada. As normas estabelecidas são apropriadas para um diagnóstico nutricional representativo para o Espírito Santo, uma vez que são baseadas em lavouras de alta produtividade. As concentrações médias de N, P, K, S, Cu e Zn foram maiores no período de granação do cafeeiro Conilon, enquanto as concentrações médias de Ca, Mg, Mn e Fe foram maiores no período de pré-florada. Houve diferença em 87 relações de nutrientes dentre as 110, entre duas épocas de amostragem. Sugere-se que as faixas de suficiência e normas DRIS sejam específicas para cada época de amostragem, caso contrário, os diagnósticos podem ser incoerentes

Involvement of brassinosteroids and ethylene in the control of mitochondrial electron transport chain in postharvest papaya fruit

The plant hormones brassinosteroids (BR) and ethylene (ET) act together to regulate plant metabolism. We used BR and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, an ET action inhibitor) to elucidate the interactions between both hormones for the regulation of mitochondrial respiratory pathways in papaya fruit. The exogenous application of the 24-epibrassinolide (epiBR) enhanced the alternative oxidase (AOX) capacity. While treatment with Brz2001 (Brz is a specific inhibitor of the BR synthesis) also enhanced AOX capacity, these effects lacked in fruit treated simultaneously with epiBR and Brz. Changing the BR level had no effect on ET emission rate in the first 24 h, but a reduction in ET emission was observed in Brz-treated fruit on the fifth day. Together with Brz, epiBR increased the ET production on the fifth day, following the day in which the treatment was carried out. When the ET sensitivity of fruit was inhibited by the application of 1-MCP, the effects of epiBR and Brz were opposite to those obtained without 1-MCP. AOX capacity was slightly inhibited by epiBR in fruit pre-treated with 1-MCP. Data suggest that BR and ET act antagonistically, therefore regulating, directly or indirectly, AOX capacity during papaya fruit ripening.Instituto de Fisiología Vegeta

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Manejo de irrigação e nitrogênio no feijoeiro comum cultivado em sistema plantio direto

With technological innovations, such as irrigation, the bean has been grown by producers who have the most varied levels of technology that, in suitable times, allows the planting great success in grain yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of the dry bean to different managements of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization with no-tillage system, in Aquidauana - MS, Brazil. The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), with the soil of the area classified as Alfisol, using the bean crop "Perola" sown on June 30, 2007. The experimental design was a randomized block split-plot consisting of three blocks and two replications within each block. The plots were composed of three management of irrigation, by the Class A pan method, using Hargreaves-Samani equation, and management by tensiometry (-40 kPa), with water replacement of 16.5 mm for all irrigation plots. The subplots consisted on four rates of nitrogen fertilization (0; 50; 100 and 150 kg ha(-1)), in which the nitrogen source was urea. It was concluded that the irrigation management through the Class A pan and Hargreaves-Samani equation conduced to higher grain yields of bean, 3031.11 and 3005.02 kg ha(-1) respectively

Evaluation of alternative tissues and equipment for the analysis of neutral and acid detergente fiber

The objective of this study was to compare alternative devices and tissues for the determination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with the conventional method. Two tissues, nylon (50 μm) and TNT (100 g/m²), and two devices (fiber digester and autoclave) were used for the determination of NDF and ADF content compared to the conventional method. A completely randomized experimental design, which consisted of five treatments and 10 repetitions, was used. The NDF content obtained with TNT in the two devices differed from that obtained with the conventional method (P&lt;0.01). However, the use of nylon in the autoclave and fiber digester provided similar values (P&gt;0.01), indicating this combination as a possible alternative to the conventional method. There was no difference (P&gt;0.01) between the alternative methods for the analysis of NDF. The content of ADF differed between the devices and tissues evaluated (P&lt;0.01). However, the use of nylon tissue in the fiber digester provided values similar to the conventional method (P&gt;0.01) and may be indicated as a practical alternative for the analysis of ADF. The NDF content obtained with nylon tissue, irrespective of the equipment used, and the ADF content obtained with nylon tissue in the fiber digester were similar to the conventional method.</span

Level of Physical Activity and In-Hospital Course of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the modern world. A sedentary lifestyle, present in 85% of the Brazilian population, is considered a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. However, the correlation of a sedentary lifestyle with cardiovascular events (CVE) during hospitalization for ACS is not well established. Objective: To evaluate the association between physical activity level, assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), with in-hospital prognosis in patients with ACS. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study with 215 subjects with a diagnosis of ACS consecutively admitted to a referral hospital for cardiac patients between July 2009 and February 2011. All volunteers answered the short version of the IPAQ and were observed for the occurrence of CVE during hospitalization with a standardized assessment conducted by the researcher and corroborated by data from medical records. Results: The patients were admitted with diagnoses of unstable angina (34.4%), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without ST elevation (41.4%), and AMI with ST elevation (24.2%). According to the level of physical activity, the patients were classified as non-active (56.3%) and active (43.7%). A CVE occurred in 35.3% of the cohort. The occurrence of in-hospital complications was associated with the length of hospital stay (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15) and physical inactivity (OR = 2.54), and was independent of age, systolic blood pressure, and prior congestive heart failure. Conclusion: A physically active lifestyle reduces the risk of CVE during hospitalization in patients with ACS