A relação expansão-avaliação da educação superior no período pós-LDB/1996. The interface between expansion-assessment of post-LDB/1996 higher education

This article presents the results of a two year research of a group associated to the Universitas/BR network with emphasis on the relationship between the evaluation process and the higher education growth. The analysis explains how the expansion movements and the evaluation results can explain the association between assessment, growth, quality and regulation of Higher Education in Brazil. The focus was mainly on the goal stated in government policies that evaluation should guide the expansion and on how the media reported the evaluation processes. The terms of the former presidents Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002) and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010) were focused. The obvious expansion, led specially by for-profit institutions, occurred without a logical plan and with no interference of any evaluation mechanism, although it obeyed the norms dictated by the State. In FHC government we had a regulatory conception limited to the products (National Graduation Course Exam) and in Lula’s government the focus was in promoting quality with global and qualitative analysis, led by the National Higher Education Evaluation System (SINAES), with the purpose to integrate the assessment of students, courses and institutions. The results show that in both periods there was regularity of the exams, but very little qualitative evaluations, besides the invisibility of this process in the media. Despite the differences between the propositions, the evaluation process took place based on regulation demands that were not linked with the expansion policy. Apresenta o resultado de dois anos de pesquisa de investigadores vinculados à Rede Universitas/BR com foco nas relações entre os processos de avaliação e expansão da educação superior (ES) no período pós-LDB/1996. Foram analisados os movimentos de expansão e os resultados da avaliação para, no âmbito das vertentes teóricas de avaliação - promoção da qualidade ou controle - compreender as relações estabelecidas entre processo avaliativo, crescimento, qualidade e regulação da ES no Brasil. Privilegiou-se o objetivo, enunciado nas diretrizes de política do setor, da avaliação orientar a expansão da ES, considerando ainda como a mídia repercutiu esse tema no período. A distinção entre o Governo dos ex-presidentes Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002) e Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010) evidenciou que a política de expansão, capitaneada pelo setor privado mercantil, seguiu dinâmica própria, sem interferência dos processos avaliativos, ainda que submetida às regras e instruções normativas dadas pelo Estado. Quanto à política de avaliação, no Governo FHC tem-se uma concepção regulatória e focada no produto e no Governo Lula uma proposta de avaliação como promoção de qualidade com análises qualitativas e globais – consubstanciada no SINAES, que propunha avaliar de forma integrada estudante, curso e instituição. Resultados apontam para regularidade apenas na aplicação dos exames (ENC/ENADE) e pequeno volume de avaliações in loco, além de invisibilidade, na mídia, sobre este tipo de processo. Conclui-se que, apesar das distintas propostas/concepções, nos dois governos as ações avaliativas ocorreram conforme as demandas da regulação e desvinculadas da política de expansão

Questão agrária e políticas públicas em Minas Gerais : conflitos sociais e alternativas populares

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Bivalve distribution in hydrographic regions in South America: historical overview and conservation

Based on literature review and malacological collections, 168 native freshwater bivalve and five invasive species have been recorded for 52 hydrographic regions in South America. The higher species richness has been detected in the South Atlantic, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Amazon Brazilian hydrographic regions. Presence or absence data were analysed by Principal Coordinate for Phylogeny-Weighted. The lineage Veneroida was more representative in hydrographic regions that are poorer in species and located West of South America. The Mycetopodidae and Hyriidae lineages were predominant in regions that are richest in species toward the East of the continent. The distribution of invasive species Limnoperna fortunei is not related to species richness in different hydrographic regions there. The species richness and its distribution patterns are closely associated with the geological history of the continent. The hydrographic regions present distinct phylogenetic and species composition regardless of the level of richness. Therefore, not only should the richness be considered to be a criterion for prioritizing areas for conservation, but also the phylogenetic diversity of communities engaged in services and functional aspects relevant to ecosystem maintenance. A plan to the management of this fauna according to particular ecological characteristics and human uses of hydrographic regions is needed.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030