Valores e Desenvolvimento Humano

A primeira parte desse Relatório de Desenvolvimento Humano do Brasil 2009/2010 começa com a descrição de um amplo processo de consulta aberta à sociedade, denominada Brasil Ponto a Ponto, para a escolha do tema do relatório. A Campanha Brasil Ponto a Ponto teve por objetivo estimular o debate em todo o país sobre o que precisa ser mudado no Brasil para melhorar a vida das pessoas. A campanha foi aberta a todos os brasileiros, que poderiam participar respondendo à pergunta: O que precisa mudar no Brasil para a sua vida melhorar de verdade

Correlation between LTR point mutations and proviral load levels among Human T cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) asymptomatic carriers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In vitro studies have demonstrated that deletions and point mutations introduced into each 21 bp imperfect repeat of <it>Tax</it>-responsive element (TRE) of the genuine human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) viral promoter abolishes <it>Tax </it>induction. Given these data, we hypothesized that similar mutations may affect the proliferation of HTLV-1i</p> <p>nfected cells and alter the proviral load (PvL). To test this hypothesis, we conducted a cross-sectional genetic analysis to compare the near-complete LTR nucleotide sequences that cover the TRE1 region in a sample of HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers with different PvL burden.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 94 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers with both sequence from the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) and a PvL for <it>Tax </it>DNA measured using a sensitive SYBR Green real-time PCR were studied. The 94 subjects were divided into three groups based on PvL measurement: 31 low, 29 intermediate, and 34 high. In addition, each group was compared based on sex, age, and viral genotypes. In another analysis, the median PvLs between individuals infected with mutant and wild-type viruses were compared.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using a categorical analysis, a G232A substitution, located in domain A of the TRE-1 motif, was detected in 38.7% (12/31), 27.5% (8/29), and 61.8% (21/34) of subjects with low, intermediate, or high PvLs, respectively. A significant difference in the detection of this mutation was found between subjects with a high or low PvL and between those with a high or intermediate PvL (both <it>p </it>< 0.05), but not between subjects with a low or intermediate PvL (<it>p </it>> 0.05). This result was confirmed by a non-parametric analysis that showed strong evidence for higher PvLs among HTLV-1 positive individuals with the G232A mutation than those without this mutation (<it>p </it>< 0.03). No significant difference was found between the groups in relation to age, sex or viral subtypes (<it>p</it> > 0. 05).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The data described here show that changes in domain A of the HTLV-1 TRE-1 motif resulting in the G232A mutation may increase HTLV-1 replication in a majority of infected subjects.</p

Differential effects of food restriction and warming in the two-spotted goby: impaired reproductive performance and stressed offspring

Climate change is a growing threat to marine organisms and ecosystems, and it is already modifying ocean properties by, for example, increasing temperature and decreasing pH. Increasing water temperature may also lead to an impairment of primary productivity and an overall depletion of available zooplankton. Understanding how the crossover between warming and zooplankton availability impacts fish populations has paramount implications for conservation and mitigation strategies. Through a cross factorial design to test the effects of ocean temperature and food availability in a temperate marine teleost, Pomatochistus flavescens, we showed that hindered feeding impacted sheltering and avoidance behaviour. Also, low food availability impaired fish reproduction, particularly male reproduction, as the expression of cyp11b1, a gene with a pivotal role in the synthesis of the most important fish androgen, 11-ketotestosterone, was significantly reduced under a low food regime. In contrast, temperature alone did not affect reproductive success, but offspring showed increased saturated fatty acid content (embryos) and increased lipid peroxidation (larvae). Altogether, food availability had a stronger effect on fitness, showing that coping with elevated temperatures, an ability that may be expected in shallow-water fish, can be indirectly impacted, or even overwhelmed, by the effects of ocean warming on primary productivity and downstream ecological processes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Inspection score and grading system for food services in Brazil: the results of s food safety strategy to reduce the risk of foodborne diseases during the 2014 FIFA World Cup

In 2014, Brazil hosted one of the most popular sport competitions in the world, the FIFA World Cup. Concerned about the intense migration of tourists, the Brazilian government decided to deploy a food safety strategy based on inspection scores and a grading system applied to food services. The present study aimed to evaluate the results of the food safety strategy deployed during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. To assess food safety, an evaluation instrument was applied twice in 1927 food service establishments from 26 cities before the start of the competition. This instrument generated a food safety score for each establishment that ranged from 0.0 (no flaws observed) to 2565.95, with four possible grades: A (0.0-13.2); B (13.3-502.6); C (502.7-1152.2); and pending (more than 1152.3). Each food service received a stamp with the grade of the second evaluation. After the end of the World Cup, a study was conducted with different groups of the public to evaluate the acceptance of the strategy. To this end, 221 consumers, 998 food service owners or managers, 150 health surveillance auditors, and 27 health surveillance coordinators were enrolled. These participants completed a survey with positive and negative responses about the inspection score system through a 5-point Likert scale. A reduction in violation scores from 393.1 to 224.4 (p < 0.001) was observed between the first and second evaluation cycles. Of the food services evaluated, 38.7% received the A stamp, 41.4% the B stamp, and 13.9% the C stamp. All positive responses on "system reliability" presented a mean of 4.0 or more, indicating that the public believed this strategy is reliable for communicating risks and promoting food safety. The strategy showed positive results regarding food safety and public acceptance. The deployed strategy promoted improvements in the food safety of food services. The implementation of a permanent policy may be well accepted by the public and may greatly contribute to a reduction in foodborne diseases (FBDs)

Inspection Score and Grading System for Food Services in Brazil: The Results of a Food Safety Strategy to Reduce the Risk of Foodborne Diseases during the 2014 FIFA World Cup

In 2014, Brazil hosted one of the most popular sport competitions in the world, the FIFA World Cup. Concerned about the intense migration of tourists, the Brazilian government decided to deploy a food safety strategy based on inspection scores and a grading system applied to food services. The present study aimed to evaluate the results of the food safety strategy deployed during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. To assess food safety, an evaluation instrument was applied twice in 1927 food service establishments from 26 cities before the start of the competition. This instrument generated a food safety score for each establishment that ranged from 0.0 (no flaws observed) to 2565.95, with four possible grades: A (0.0-13.2)B (13.3-502.6)C (502.7-1152.2)and pending (more than 1152.3). Each food service received a stamp with the grade of the second evaluation. After the end of the World Cup, a study was conducted with different groups of the public to evaluate the acceptance of the strategy. To this end, 221 consumers, 998 food service owners or managers, 150 health surveillance auditors, and 27 health surveillance coordinators were enrolled. These participants completed a survey with positive and negative responses about the inspection score system through a 5-point Likert scale. A reduction in violation scores from 393.1 to 224.4 (p < 0.001) was observed between the first and second evaluation cycles. Of the food services evaluated, 38.7% received the A stamp, 41.4% the B stamp, and 13.9% the C stamp. All positive responses on "system reliability" presented a mean of 4.0 or more, indicating that the public believed this strategy is reliable for communicating risks and promoting food safety. The strategy showed positive results regarding food safety and public acceptance. The deployed strategy promoted improvements in the food safety of food services. The implementation of a permanent policy may be well accepted by the public and may greatly contribute to a reduction in foodborne diseases (FBDs).FUNCAMP - Fundacao de Desenvolvimento da UnicampUniv Estadual Campinas, Fac Ciencias Aplicadas, Limeira, BrazilCtr Univ Franciscano, Curso Nutr, Santa Maria, RS, BrazilUniv Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Alimentos, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniv Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Dept Nutr, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilAgencia Nacl Vigilancia Sanit, Brasilia, DF, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Ctr Desenvolvimento Ensino Super Saude, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Ctr Desenvolvimento Ensino Super Saude, Sao Paulo, BrazilFUNCAMP: 2169/16Web of Scienc

Dietary fish oil did not prevent sleep deprived rats from a reduction in adipose tissue adiponectin gene expression

Sleep deprivation in humans has been related to weight gain and consequently, increased risk for insulin resistance. In contrast, there is a significant loss of weight in sleep deprived rats suggesting a state of insulin resistance without obesity interference. Thus, we aimed to assess the effects of a rich fish oil dietetic intervention on glucose tolerance, serum insulin and adiponectin, and adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin and TNF-α of paradoxically sleep deprived (PSD) rats. The study was performed in thirty day-old male Wistar randomly assigned into two groups: rats fed with control diet (soybean oil as source of fat) and rats fed with a fish oil rich diet. After 45 days of treatment, the animals were submitted to PSD or maintained as home cage control group for 96 h. Body weight and food intake were carefully monitored in all groups. At the end of PSD period, a glucose tolerance test was performed and the total blood and adipose tissues were collected. Serum insulin and adiponectin were analyzed. Adipose tissues were used for RT-PCR to estimate the gene expression of adiponectin and TNF-α. Results showed that although fish oil diet did not exert any effect upon these measurements, PSD induced a reduction in adiponectin gene expression of retroperitoneal adipose tissues, with no change in serum adiponectin concentration or in adiponectin and TNF-α gene expression of epididymal adipose tissue. Thus, the stress induced by sleep deprivation lead to a desbalance of adiponectin gene expression

A influência do cinema na formação da imagem internacional do Brasil

Cinema has become an effective tool in the dissemination of destinations over time, enabling different imaginary and national identity conceptions. From this perspective, the present paper aims to analyze how Brazil’s image has been approached in the national and international cinematographic works according to the perception of foreign viewers. From a mixed approach, a questionnaire was developed in order to assess how the foreign public has seen the country and to verify the relationship between the characteristicsattributed by them and the images portrayed in the movies City of God (2002), Elite Squad (2007), Rio (2011), Fast Five (2011) and Rio 2 (2014). The results show that the country’s image is stereotyped and that the clichés presented in cinematographic productions are also present in the discourse of the public that participated in the research. The paper emphasizes the need for actions to improve the national image present in the foreign imagination, thus reflecting directly in the promotion and increased flow in the tourist activity.El cine se ha convertido en una herramienta efectiva para la difusión de destinos a lo largo de su historia, permitiendo diferentes concepciones de lo imaginario e identidades nacionales. Desde esta perspectiva, surgió el estudio en cuestión, cuyo objetivo era analizar cómo se ha abordado la imagen de Brasil en obras cinematográficas nacionales e internacionales de acuerdo con la percepción de los espectadores extranjeros. Bajo un enfoque mixto, se desarrolló un instrumento de recolección de datos en formato de cuestionario para evaluar cómo el público extranjero ha visto el país, y para verificar la relación de las características atribuidas por ellos con las imágenes retratadas en las películas Ciudad de Dios (2002), Tropa de Élite (2007), Río (2011), Rápidos y furiosos: 5in Control (2011) e Río 2 (2014). A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se encontró que la imagen del país es estereotipada y que los clichés presentados en las producciones cinematográficas también están presentes en el discurso del público participante en la investigación.El estudio destaca la necesidad de crear acciones para mejorar la imagen nacional presente en la imaginación extranjera, lo que se refleja directamente en la promoción y el aumento del flujo en la actividad turística.O cinema transformou-se em uma efetiva ferramenta para a divulgação de destinos ao longo de sua história, possibilitando distintas concepções de imaginários e identidades nacionais. Sob esta perspectiva, surgiu o estudo em questão, que visou analisar como a imagem do Brasil tem sido abordada nas obras cinematográficas nacionais e internacionais de acordo com a percepção de espectadores estrangeiros. Sob uma abordagem mista, foi desenvolvido um instrumento de coleta de dados em formato de questionário/entrevista, com a finalidade de aferir como o público estrangeiro tem visto o país, e verificar a relação das características atribuídas por eles com as imagens retratadas em cinco filmes: Cidade de Deus (2002), Tropa de Elite (2007), Rio (2011), Velozes e Furiosos 5: Operação Rio (2011) e Rio 2 (2014). A partir dos resultados, foi constatado que a imagem do país é estereotipada e que os clichês apresentados nas produçõescinematográficas também estão presentes nas respostas do público participante da pesquisa. O estudo ressalta a necessidade de que sejam criadas ações para a melhoria da imagem nacional presente no imaginário estrangeiro, refletindo, assim, diretamente na promoção e aumento de fluxo na atividade turística

High prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in São Paulo City, Brazil

Introduction: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are the subject of many studies, some of them reporting a prevalence of up to 50 percent. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with HIV neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients in São Paulo city, Brazil. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study including 106 HIV-1-infected patients, employing direct interview and neuropsychological tests, applied by trained neuro-psychologists with expertise in the tests. Other, similar assessment tools we used were Brief Neurocognitive Questionnaire, International HIV Dementia Scale, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Social Support Scale for People with HIV/Aids, Assessment of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Questionnaire, and a complex neuropsychological assessment. Results: We included 106 patients from May 2015 to April 2018. We found a high prevalence of HAND in our patients (45%), with 27.5% presenting asymptomatic neurological impairment (ANI) and 17.5% mild neurological dysfunction (MND); only one patient presented HIV-associated dementia (HAD) (0.9%). Women were more likely to have MND (52.9%) and the only case of HAD was also female. The high prevalence of neurocognitive disorders was independent of the immunological status, use of efavirenz, or virological control. Conclusions: This study may mirror the national and international scenarios, showing a high prevalence of HAND (45%) and the prevalence of some risk factors, in special among women

Isolation and functional characterization of proinflammatory acidic phospholipase A2 from Bothrops leucurus snake venom

AbstractIn the present study, an acidic PLA2, designated Bl-PLA2, was isolated from Bothrops leucurus snake venom through two chromatographic steps: ion-exchange on CM-Sepharose and hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose. Bl-PLA2 was homogeneous on SDS-PAGE and when submitted to 2D electrophoresis the molecular mass was 15,000Da and pI was 5.4. Its N-terminal sequence revealed a high homology with other Asp49 acidic PLA2s from snake venoms. Its specific activity was 159.9U/mg and the indirect hemolytic activity was also higher than that of the crude venom. Bl-PLA2 induced low myotoxic and edema activities as compared to those of the crude venom. Moreover, the enzyme was able to induce increments in IL-12p40, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels and no variation of IL-8 and IL-10 in human PBMC stimulated in vitro, suggesting that Bl-PLA2 induces proinflammatory cytokine production by human mononuclear cells. Bothrops leucurus venom is still not extensively explored and knowledge of its components will contribute for a better understanding of its action mechanism

A Predictive Model of Postnatal Surgical Intervention in Children With Prenatally Detected Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors and develop a model to assess individualized risk of postnatal surgical intervention in patients with antenatal hydronephrosis. This is a retrospective cohort study of 694 infants with prenatally detected congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract with a median follow-up time of 37 months. The main event of interest was postnatal surgical intervention. A predictive model was developed using Cox model with internal validation by bootstrap technique. Of 694 patients, 164 (24%) infants underwent surgical intervention in a median age of 7.8 months. Predictors of the surgical intervention in the model were: baseline glomerular filtration rate, associated hydronephrosis, presence of renal damage and the severity of renal pelvic dilatation. The optimism corrected c statistic for the model was 0.84 (95%CI, 0.82–0.87). The predictive model may contribute to identify infants at high risk for surgical intervention. Further studies are necessary to validate the model in patients from other settings