La constitución de la empresa única familiar de responsabilidad limitada a la luz de la sociedad de gananciales

A lo largo del presente trabajo analizaremos las figuras jurídicas del contrato y del acto jurídico, con los cuales vamos a redefinir el concepto de acto constitutivo de la sociedad comercial analizando su propia naturaleza, así como también determinaremos el porqué es de suma importancia que los esposos que se encuentran casados bajo el régimen social, constituyan una sociedad comercial. En la práctica podemos observar que gran parte de empresas de nuestro país (por no decir la mayoría de empresas) son básicamente empresas familiares, es decir, en donde la esposa y el esposo por diversos factores deciden desde unir fuerzas a efectos de emprender un negocio. A estas familias el derecho societario no las ampara, toda vez que se encuentran limitados para constituir una sociedad. Ante dicha situación nos hemos visto en la necesidad de proponer como figura jurídica societaria a la empresa única familiar de responsabilidad limitada con la cual los cónyuges casados bajo el régimen de sociedad de gananciales podrán constituir una sociedad distinta a ellos con aporte del mismo capital universal para que ambos participen activa y directamente en la economía de nuestro país

Analisis de inversion extranjera directa en el sector agronegocios chileno, via DL 600:1985-1998

Resumen (Spanish, English)53 p.Este estudio corresponde a un análisis de Inversión Extranjera Directa Materializada (IEDM) en el sector Agronegocios de Chile en el período 1985-1998. Las motivaciones de realizar este estudio radican en observar la evolución de los montos de inversión, además de intentar definir los parámetros usados por los inversionistas para materializar una inversión. Para desarrollar este estudio se realiza un análisis econométrico con el método de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (Programa computacional SPSS, versión 10.0). De la regresión lineal múltiple generada, la variable dependiente corresponde a la IEDM en el sector y las variables independientes son: Tipo de Cambio Real; Tasa de interés de Corto (30 a 89 días) y Largo Plazo (90 a 365 días); Salario (mínimo); PIB Sector Agrícola; y Gobierno (separado en Militar y Democrático). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la única variable significativa para explicar el aumento o disminución de IEDM en el sector corresponde al Tipo de Cambio Real, pero en conjunto todas las variables son capaces de explicar los cambios en la IEDM

Demography and ecology of southern right whales Eubalaena australis wintering at sub-Antarctic Campbell Island, New Zealand

Since the decimation of the southern right whale Eubalaena australis population in New Zealand by whaling, research on its recovery has focused on the wintering ground at the Auckland Islands, neglecting potentially important wintering habitat at Campbell Island. For the first time in 20 years we conducted an expedition to sub-Antarctic Campbell Island to document and describe E. australis occupying this wintering habitat. We used a variety of methods including photo-identification, genetic and stable isotope analyses of tissue samples, and visual surveys of abundance and distribution, to provide details on the demography, population connectivity and ecology of E. australis wintering at Campbell Island. Our primary findings include (1) a lack of calves observed at Campbell Island, (2) an age-class bias toward sub-adults encountered at Campbell Island, (3) nine photo-identification matches between individuals observed at Campbell Island and previously documented elsewhere in New Zealand, (4) no genetic differentiation between E. australis at Campbell Island and the broader New Zealand population, (5) increased abundance estimates of E. australis at Campbell Island over the last 20 years, and (6) indications that E. australis forage within the sub-Antarctic region based on stable isotope analyses. Our results confirm that the Auckland Islands are currently the only significant calving area for E. australis in New Zealand, and therefore previous abundance estimates based on demographic data from the Auckland Islands are applicable to the entire New Zealand population of E. australis. However, future periodic surveys to Campbell Island are recommended to monitor population recovery and expansion.PostprintPeer reviewe

Competitividad del sector exportador de fruta fresca : el caso de las manzanas

Resumen (Spanish, English)81 p.La competitividad generada en la industria manzanera mundial, es afectada por una gran cantidad de factores y variables que intervienen en los procesos productivos y comerciales de ésta fruta y que determinan su competencia en los mercados mundiales. Este estudio busca evaluar el actual nivel competitivo de las principales empresas exportadoras de manzana en la VII región y la evaluación de variables internas y/o externas que han dado origen al desarrollo competitivo de estas empresas. Esta memoria está basada en la metodología propuesta por Chacko, Wacker y Asar (1997), la cual considera un medio subjetivo para la obtención de la información basado en la percepción de los principales agentes involucrados del negocio. Los resultados del estudio señalan que los exportadores se sienten muy competitivos en los mercados de esta fruta, para lo cual las variables internas a la empresa han contribuido en un mayor grado al desarrollo de este nivel competitivo, siendo las variables relacionadas con los sistemas de control de calidad y la producción de fruta a un bajo costo, las que han tenido un mayor desarrollo por parte de la empresa. Las variables internas menos desarrolladas son las relacionadas con la gestión de los recursos humanos. Con relación a los factores externos, la aptitud productiva y la disponibilidad de la mano de obra, son las variables que más influencia han tenido para alcanzar el nivel competitivo de nuestro país. Los factores de mercado, como el valor del dólar y las tasas de interés, han sido las variables externas menos importantes para el desarrollo competitivo de las exportadoras de la región. De acuerdo al modelo de competitividad determinado, las variables tamaño de la empresa y productividad de la mano de obra, explican en alrededor de un 60% la competitividad de la industria manzanera en la VII región. Si Chile desea mantener el nivel competitivo alcanzado, deberá solucionar algunos de los problemas técnicos de la producción de manzanas, junto con desarrollar nuevas variedades adecuadas a la realidad nacional, con el fin de satisfacer oportunamente la demanda de los actuales y nuevos consumidores de esta fruta

Cross-cultural validity of the five items Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS-5) in Peru and Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic

The Spanish version of the 5-item Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS-5) is a brief measure of the general tendency to be attentive and aware of experiences in the present moment during daily life. The MAAS-5 has been used in different countries; however, an assessment of its cross-cultural measurement invariance (MI) has not been conducted. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the MAAS-5 in university students from two countries: Peru and Mexico. A total of 1144 university students from Peru (N = 822) and Mexico (N = 322) responded online to the Spanish version of the 5-item Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS-5). A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Measurement invariance tests the hypothesis that the model behind a set of scores is comparable between groups. The results showed that the unidimensional structure of the MAAS-5 is the same between Peruvian and Mexican university students. Therefore, it is suggested that university students from both countries conceptualize the mindfulness in a similar way. As a result, the MAAS-5 can be used to compare differences between countries. No significant differences were observed in the MAAS-5 score between Peruvian and Mexican university students. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the psychometric properties of the MAAS-5 by presenting MI results in two Latin American countries. Implications of the findings are discussed, which will facilitate a more solid and reliable use of the MAAS-5 in future cross-cultural studies

New Zealand blue whales: initial photo-identification of a little-known population

ABSTRACT Eighteen blue whales were photo-identified from coastal waters around the North and South Islands of New Zealand from 2004-2013 in five different months of the year. No photographic matches were found between locations. The photo-ID collection provides a foundation for future study on this little-known population. Fourteen of the photo-identifications were obtained in January and March 2013 during transits of the Antarctic Blue Whale Voyage from Nelson, NZ to Antarctica and return. This voyage also allowed for observations of the external morphology and behaviour of the blue whales encountered. Body length and proportion, head shape, body condition and skin condition were similar to Australian but not Antarctic blue whales. Feeding behaviour was observed off the South Island's west coast in January 2013 and strong evidence of feeding off the east coast in March 2013, the first this has been reported for these locations

Oral health profile in patients infected with HTLV-1: Clinical findings, proviral load, and molecular analysis from HTLV-1 in saliva

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and has also been implicated in several disorders, including periodontal disease. The proviral load is an important biological marker for understanding HTLV-1 pathogenesis and elucidating whether or not the virus is related to the clinical manifestation of the disease. This study describes the oral health profile of HTLV-1 carriers and HAM/TSP patients in order to investigate the association between the proviral load in saliva and the severity of the periodontal disease and to examine virus intra-host variations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and saliva cells. It is a cross-sectional analytical study of 90 individuals carried out from November 2006 to May 2008. Of the patients, 60 were HTLV-1 positive and 30 were negative. Individuals from the HTLV-1 positive and negative groups had similar mean age and social-economic status. Data were analyzed using two available statistical software packages, STATA 8.0 and SPSS 11.0 to conduct frequency analysis. Differences of P?<?0.05 were considered statistically significant. HTLV-1 patients had poorer oral health status when compared to seronegative individuals. A weak positive correlation between blood and saliva proviral loads was observed. The mean values of proviral load in blood and saliva in patients with HAM/TSP was greater than those in HTLV-1 carriers. The HTLV-1 molecular analysis from PBMC and saliva specimens suggests that HTLV-1 in saliva is due to lymphocyte infiltration from peripheral blood. A direct relationship between the proviral load in saliva and oral manifestations was observed. J. Med. Virol. 84:1428-1436, 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.FAPESB [303/03]Brazilian Ministry of Health [306/04, 307/04

Decline in subarachnoid haemorrhage volumes associated with the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, decreased volumes of stroke admissions and mechanical thrombectomy were reported. The study\u27s objective was to examine whether subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) hospitalisations and ruptured aneurysm coiling interventions demonstrated similar declines. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study across 6 continents, 37 countries and 140 comprehensive stroke centres. Patients with the diagnosis of SAH, aneurysmal SAH, ruptured aneurysm coiling interventions and COVID-19 were identified by prospective aneurysm databases or by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, codes. The 3-month cumulative volume, monthly volumes for SAH hospitalisations and ruptured aneurysm coiling procedures were compared for the period before (1 year and immediately before) and during the pandemic, defined as 1 March-31 May 2020. The prior 1-year control period (1 March-31 May 2019) was obtained to account for seasonal variation. FINDINGS: There was a significant decline in SAH hospitalisations, with 2044 admissions in the 3 months immediately before and 1585 admissions during the pandemic, representing a relative decline of 22.5% (95% CI -24.3% to -20.7%, p\u3c0.0001). Embolisation of ruptured aneurysms declined with 1170-1035 procedures, respectively, representing an 11.5% (95%CI -13.5% to -9.8%, p=0.002) relative drop. Subgroup analysis was noted for aneurysmal SAH hospitalisation decline from 834 to 626 hospitalisations, a 24.9% relative decline (95% CI -28.0% to -22.1%, p\u3c0.0001). A relative increase in ruptured aneurysm coiling was noted in low coiling volume hospitals of 41.1% (95% CI 32.3% to 50.6%, p=0.008) despite a decrease in SAH admissions in this tertile. INTERPRETATION: There was a relative decrease in the volume of SAH hospitalisations, aneurysmal SAH hospitalisations and ruptured aneurysm embolisations during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings in SAH are consistent with a decrease in other emergencies, such as stroke and myocardial infarction

It is time to define an organizational model for the prevention and management of infections along the surgical pathway: a worldwide cross-sectional survey

Background The objectives of the study were to investigate the organizational characteristics of acute care facilities worldwide in preventing and managing infections in surgery; assess participants' perception regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, antibiotic prescribing practices, and source control; describe awareness about the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and IPC measures; and determine the role of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic on said awareness. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted contacting 1432 health care workers (HCWs) belonging to a mailing list provided by the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery. The self-administered questionnaire was developed by a multidisciplinary team. The survey was open from May 22, 2021, and June 22, 2021. Three reminders were sent, after 7, 14, and 21 days. Results Three hundred four respondents from 72 countries returned a questionnaire, with an overall response rate of 21.2%. Respectively, 90.4% and 68.8% of participants stated their hospital had a multidisciplinary IPC team or a multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship team. Local protocols for antimicrobial therapy of surgical infections and protocols for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis were present in 76.6% and 90.8% of hospitals, respectively. In 23.4% and 24.0% of hospitals no surveillance systems for surgical site infections and no monitoring systems of used antimicrobials were implemented. Patient and family involvement in IPC management was considered to be slightly or not important in their hospital by the majority of respondents (65.1%). Awareness of the global burden of AMR among HCWs was considered very important or important by 54.6% of participants. The COVID-19 pandemic was considered by 80.3% of respondents as a very important or important factor in raising HCWs awareness of the IPC programs in their hospital. Based on the survey results, the authors developed 15 statements for several questions regarding the prevention and management of infections in surgery. The statements may be the starting point for designing future evidence-based recommendations. Conclusion Adequacy of prevention and management of infections in acute care facilities depends on HCWs behaviours and on the organizational characteristics of acute health care facilities to support best practices and promote behavioural change. Patient involvement in the implementation of IPC is still little considered. A debate on how operationalising a fundamental change to IPC, from being solely the HCWs responsibility to one that involves a collaborative relationship between HCWs and patients, should be opened