Primer Reporte de leucismo en Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae) en el Caribe colombiano.

Leucism is a hypo-pigmentation of the tegument in which the individual has irregular patches or even the entire body depigmented, but maintains the normal coloration of the eyes and claws, which can be mistakenly described as partial albinism (Roncancio & Ramírez- Chaves 2008, Marín-Vásquez et al. 2010, Tabea-Treitler et al. 2013 & Velandia-Perilla et al. 2013).El leucismo es una hipo-pigmentación del tegumento en el que el individuo presenta parches irregulares o incluso la totalidad del cuerpo despigmentado, pero mantiene la coloración normal de los ojos y garras, lo cual puede ser descrito erróneamente como albinismo parcial (Roncancio & Ramírez-Chaves 2008, Marín-Vásquez et al. 2010, Tabea-Treitler et al. 2013 & Velandia-Perilla et al. 2013).&nbsp

First record of Puma concolor Linneus, 1771 (Carnivora: Felidae) preying Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) on a palm-oil plantation in the Meta department, Colombia

Colombia is currently the fourth palm oil crop producer in the world and the top producer in South America (Torres-Carrasco et al. 2013), leading to an accelerated series of changes in many landscapes (Balaguera-Reina & González-Maya 2010). To date few studies have assessed biodiversity in palm-oil plantations in the country, in which large and medium-sized felids (Panthera onca, Leopardus pardalis, and Puma yagouaroundi) have been recorded, however, pumas (Puma concolor) have been exclusively recorded in forests and forest-edges (Boron & Payán 2012). Nevertheless, studies regarding ecological interactions and use by these species in these human-made landscapes are still missing.Colombia is currently the fourth palm oil crop producer in the world and the top producer in South America (Torres-Carrasco et al. 2013), leading to an accelerated series of changes in many landscapes (Balaguera-Reina & González-Maya 2010). To date few studies have assessed biodiversity in palm-oil plantations in the country, in which large and medium-sized felids (Panthera onca, Leopardus pardalis, and Puma yagouaroundi) have been recorded, however, pumas (Puma concolor) have been exclusively recorded in forests and forest-edges (Boron & Payán 2012). Nevertheless, studies regarding ecological interactions and use by these species in these human-made landscapes are still missing

Las Representaciones sociales, Primera Infancia Sorda y Música en lengua de señas chilena en la Web

Social representations are immersed in a practical thought oriented towards communication and access to the world, where the linguistic environment and identity play a fundamental role in the development conditions of thought, language and feelings. Digital musical content is related to music, movement and sign language to create content from deafness, a preponderant aspect that motivates the objective of this research, to analyze the social representations of Deaf early childhood in musical accessibility in language. of Chilean signs in the web context. A documentary review of digital musical content for Deaf early childhood in the last 5 years was carried out on the YouTube platform. The results indicate little digital music content for Deaf early childhood. In conclusion, the realization of Deaf linguistic material is required to strengthen the development and identity of the Deaf child and generate spaces for transversal and diverse inclusion.Las representaciones sociales están inmersas en un pensamiento práctico orientado a la comunicación y acceso al mundo, donde el entorno lingüístico e identidad juegan un rol fundamental para las condiciones de desarrollo del pensamiento, lenguaje y sentimientos. El contenido digital musical se relaciona con la música, movimiento y lengua de señas para crear contenidos desde la Sordedad, aspecto preponderante que motiva al objetivo de la investigación, analizar las representaciones sociales sobre la primera infancia Sorda en accesibilidad musical en lengua de señas chilena en el contexto de la web. Se realizó una revisión documental de contenido digital musical para la primera infancia Sorda en los últimos 5 años en la plataforma de YouTube. Los resultados indican escaso contenido digital musical para la primera infancia Sorda. En conclusión, se requiere la realización de material lingüístico Sordo para fortalecer el desarrollo e identidad del niño Sordo y generar espacios de inclusión transversales y diversos

Inventario de mamíferos voladores, medianos y grandes del Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Magdalena, Colombia

Mammals are among the most important species for ecosystems dynamics and functioning (Sinclair 2003, Schipper et al. 2008). However, they are currently threatened worldwide, with nearly 25% of all species under risk (Schipper et al. 2008). Protected areas are critical for conserving biodiversity (Chape et al. 2005), and are the last stronghold for preserving a complete representation of the world´s ecosystems (Powell et al. 2000, Rodrigues et al. 2004, Forero-Medina & Joppa 2010). Despite their importance in conserving biodiversity, still basic information is lacking for its effective management (Chape et al. 2005, Knight et al. 2008). Previous analyses have assessed the degree of effectiveness of protected areas from a macroecological perspective (Chape et al. 2005, Ceballos 2007, González-Maya et al. 2015), but for most Latin American countries, still basic information regarding basic biodiversity inventories, and especially from mammals is lacking;undermining effective and efficient protected areas management. For Colombia this is especially critical, since most protected areas still lack the most basic mammal information, from inventories to most other ecological management-relevant information. Here we present the most updated inventory of flying, medium and large mammals from Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Magdalena, Colombia.Los mamíferos se encuentran entre las especies más importantes para la dinámica y el funcionamiento de los ecosistema. Sin embargo, actualmente están amenazados en todo el mundo, con casi el 25% de todas las especies en riesgo. Las áreas protegidas son críticas para conservar la biodiversidad, y son el último baluarte para preservar una representación completa de los ecosistemas del mundo. A pesar de su importancia en la conservación de la biodiversidad, aún falta información básica para su manejo efectivo. Los análisis anteriores han evaluado el grado de efectividad de las áreas protegidas desde una perspectiva amacroecológica (Chape et al. 2005, Ceballos 2007, González-Maya et al. 2015), pero para la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos, todavía hay información básica sobre inventarios básicos de biodiversidad, y especialmente de faltan mamíferos, lo que socava el manejo efectivo y eficiente de las áreas protegidas. Para Colombia, esto es especialmente crítico, ya que la mayoría de las áreas protegidas aún carecen de la información más básica sobre mamíferos, desde inventarios hasta la mayoría de la otra información relevante para el manejo ecológico. Aquí presentamos el inventario más actualizado de mamíferos voladores, medianos y grandes del Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Magdalena, Colombia

Biodiversity 2016. Status and Trends of Colombian Continental Biodiversity

This third volume of the annual report on biodiversity in Colombia continues the editorial line that begun in 2014. Using novel analytical and graphic proposals, these reports have the goal of communicating the contents to a broad public, making it available for discussion without sacrificing the quality of information. The challenge of communication continues to be a major part of the institutional project, and the new languages with which we are learning to communicate with society and other institutions are an experiment that we expect to be increasingly gratifying. The report for 2017 is already under construction and it counts on new digital technologies so the power of a colombian vital connection may be entirely expressed. The included content evidences that we are still far away from having a systematic follow-up about most of the topics related to the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services, which is the only way to evaluate the effectiveness of policies and investments made by society. In fact, a limitation that is recognized is that of identifying positive or negative changes that affect different levels of organization of life on this planet; therefore, our global navigation route of the Aichi targets is still to be verified. An additional purpose of this process includes the invitation of all Colombians to contribute in constructing and maintaining basic monitoring indicators for management since it is impossible to identify long-term trends of flora and fauna in the country without the support of institutions, researchers, and citizens. This challenge is immense in a megadiverse country such as Colombia. For this reason, the report will continue to open its pages to experts, and even indigenous peoples or local communities, for them to present their perspectives about environmental change and its effects on biodiversity in a systematic and documented manner. This has the objective of stimulating the commitment of everyone in the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The only way of overcoming the risk of extinction is through the active process of social learning in which all sectors assume a part of the complex responsibility in protecting the forms of life of the country, a roughly counted tenth of all creatures on Earth. I thank all the people that contributed in this Report, those who have supported us in the phases of production, and all readers and users, who are the ultimate judges of its utility.Bogotá, D. C

Biodiversidad 2016. Estado y Tendencias de la Biodiversidad Continental de Colombia

Esta tercera entrega del reporte anual de la biodiversidad en Colombia profundiza en la línea editorial iniciada el año 2014 mediante nuevas propuestas analíticas y gráficas, con la intención de garantizar que la información llegue a todos los públicos y pueda ser discutida de manera amena sin sacrificio de calidad. La apuesta comunicativa sigue siendo central en el proyecto institucional y los nuevos lenguajes con los que estamos aprendiendo a conversar con la sociedad y las instituciones son un experimento que esperamos sea cada vez más satisfactorio: ya estamos construyendo la versión 2017 con el apoyo de las nuevas tecnologías digitales de manera que la potencia de la conexión vital colombiana se exprese en toda su capacidad. Por los contenidos es evidente que aún distamos mucho de tener una capacidad de seguimiento sistemático para la mayoría de temas relativos a la gestión de la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos, la única manera de evaluar si las medidas de política y las inversiones que realiza la sociedad están teniendo los efectos deseados. De hecho, parte de las limitaciones reconocidas por robustamente los cambios positivos o negativos que afectan los diferentes niveles de organización de la vida planetaria, por lo cual las mismas metas de Aichi, nuestra carta de navegación global, están pendientes de verificación. Un propósito adicional de este proceso es la invitación a todos los colombianos para contribuir con la construcción y alimentación de los indicadores básicos de seguimiento a la gestión, ya que es imposible identificar las tendencias de largo plazo en que están inmersas la flora y fauna colombianas sin el apoyo de las instituciones, los investigadores y los ciudadanos: en el país de la megadiversidad, el reto es inmenso. Por este motivo, este reporte irá abriendo sus páginas a expertos, incluso indígenas o de comunidades locales, para que presenten de manera sistemática y documentada sus perspectivas del cambio ambiental y sus efectos en la biodiversidad, con el ánimo de promover el compromiso de todos en su gestión. La única manera de superar el riesgo de extinción es mediante un activo proceso de aprendizajes sociales que haga que todos los sectores asuman una parte de la compleja responsabilidad que significa proteger todas las formas de vida del país, una décima parte mal contada de las planetarias. Agradezco a las decenas de personas que contribuyeron con este reporte, a quienes nos han apoyado en todas las etapas de producción y a sus lectores y usuarios, quienes son en último término los jueces de su utilidad.Bogotá, D. C

Mortality after surgery in Europe: a 7 day cohort study

Background: Clinical outcomes after major surgery are poorly described at the national level. Evidence of heterogeneity between hospitals and health-care systems suggests potential to improve care for patients but this potential remains unconfirmed. The European Surgical Outcomes Study was an international study designed to assess outcomes after non-cardiac surgery in Europe.Methods: We did this 7 day cohort study between April 4 and April 11, 2011. We collected data describing consecutive patients aged 16 years and older undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery in 498 hospitals across 28 European nations. Patients were followed up for a maximum of 60 days. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome measures were duration of hospital stay and admission to critical care. We used χ² and Fisher’s exact tests to compare categorical variables and the t test or the Mann-Whitney U test to compare continuous variables. Significance was set at p<0·05. We constructed multilevel logistic regression models to adjust for the differences in mortality rates between countries.Findings: We included 46 539 patients, of whom 1855 (4%) died before hospital discharge. 3599 (8%) patients were admitted to critical care after surgery with a median length of stay of 1·2 days (IQR 0·9–3·6). 1358 (73%) patients who died were not admitted to critical care at any stage after surgery. Crude mortality rates varied widely between countries (from 1·2% [95% CI 0·0–3·0] for Iceland to 21·5% [16·9–26·2] for Latvia). After adjustment for confounding variables, important differences remained between countries when compared with the UK, the country with the largest dataset (OR range from 0·44 [95% CI 0·19 1·05; p=0·06] for Finland to 6·92 [2·37–20·27; p=0·0004] for Poland).Interpretation: The mortality rate for patients undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery was higher than anticipated. Variations in mortality between countries suggest the need for national and international strategies to improve care for this group of patients.Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Society of Anaesthesiology