Welfare of pigs on farm

This scientific opinion focuses on the welfare of pigs on farm, and is based on literature and expert opinion. All pig categories were assessed: gilts and dry sows, farrowing and lactating sows, suckling piglets, weaners, rearing pigs and boars. The most relevant husbandry systems used in Europe are described. For each system, highly relevant welfare consequences were identified, as well as related animal-based measures (ABMs), and hazards leading to the welfare consequences. Moreover, measures to prevent or correct the hazards and/or mitigate the welfare consequences are recommended. Recommendations are also provided on quantitative or qualitative criteria to answer specific questions on the welfare of pigs related to tail biting and related to the European Citizen's Initiative ‘End the Cage Age’. For example, the AHAW Panel recommends how to mitigate group stress when dry sows and gilts are grouped immediately after weaning or in early pregnancy. Results of a comparative qualitative assessment suggested that long-stemmed or long-cut straw, hay or haylage is the most suitable material for nest-building. A period of time will be needed for staff and animals to adapt to housing lactating sows and their piglets in farrowing pens (as opposed to crates) before achieving stable welfare outcomes. The panel recommends a minimum available space to the lactating sow to ensure piglet welfare (measured by live-born piglet mortality). Among the main risk factors for tail biting are space allowance, types of flooring, air quality, health status and diet composition, while weaning age was not associated directly with tail biting in later life. The relationship between the availability of space and growth rate, lying behaviour and tail biting in rearing pigs is quantified and presented. Finally, the panel suggests a set of ABMs to use at slaughter for monitoring on-farm welfare of cull sows and rearing pigs.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The public health risk posed by Listeria monocytogenes in frozen fruit and vegetables including herbs, blanched during processing

A multi-country outbreak ofListeria monocytogenesST6 linked to blanched frozen vegetables (bfV)took place in the EU (2015–2018). Evidence of food-borne outbreaks shows thatL. monocytogenesisthe most relevant pathogen associated with bfV. The probability of illness per serving of uncooked bfV,for the elderly (65–74 years old) population, is up to 3,600 times greater than cooked bfV and verylikely lower than any of the evaluated ready-to-eat food categories. The main factors affectingcontamination and growth ofL. monocytogenesin bfV during processing are the hygiene of the rawmaterials and process water; the hygienic conditions of the food processing environment (FPE); andthe time/Temperature (t/T) combinations used for storage and processing (e.g. blanching, cooling).Relevant factors after processing are the intrinsic characteristics of the bfV, the t/T combinations usedfor thawing and storage and subsequent cooking conditions, unless eaten uncooked. Analysis of thepossible control options suggests that application of a complete HACCP plan is either not possible orwould not further enhance food safety. Instead, specific prerequisite programmes (PRP) andoperational PRP activities should be applied such as cleaning and disinfection of the FPE, water control,t/T control and product information and consumer awareness. The occurrence of low levels ofL. monocytogenesat the end of the production process (e.g.<10 CFU/g) would be compatible with thelimit of 100 CFU/g at the moment of consumption if any labelling recommendations are strictly followed(i.e. 24 h at 5°C). Under reasonably foreseeable conditions of use (i.e. 48 h at 12°C),L. monocytogeneslevels need to be considerably lower (not detected in 25 g). Routine monitoring programmes forL. monocytogenesshould be designed following a risk-based approach and regularly revised based ontrend analysis, being FPE monitoring a key activity in the frozen vegetable industry

An eco-epidemiological model supporting rational disease management of Xylella fastidiosa. An application to the outbreak in Apulia (Italy)

Knowledge on the dynamics of Xylella fastidiosa infection is an essential element for the effective management of new foci. In this study, we propose an Eco-epidemiological Model (XEM) describing the infection dynamics of X. fastidiosa outbreaks. XEM can be applied to design disease management strategies and compare their level of efficacy. XEM is a spatial explicit mechanistic model for short-range spread of X. fastidiosa considering: i) the growth of the bacterium in the host plant, ii) the acquisition of the pathogen by the vector and its transmission to host plants, iii) the vector population dynamics, iv) the dispersal of the vector. The model is parametrized based on data acquired on the spread of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca in olive groves in the Apulia region. Four epidemiological scenarios were considered combining host susceptibility and vector abundance. Eight management strategies were compared testing several levels of vector control efficacy, plant cutting radius, time to detection and intervention. Simulation results showed that the abundance of the vector is the key factor determining the spread rate of the pathogen. Vector control efficacy and time to detection and intervention emerged as the key factors for an effective eradication strategy. XEM proved to be a suitable tool to support decision making for the drafting and management of emergency plans related to new outbreaks.Peer reviewe

Commodity risk assessment of Momordica charantia fruits from Honduras

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. Momordica fruits originating from countries where Thrips palmi is known to occur qualify as high risk plants. This Scientific Opinion covers the introduction risk for T. palmi posed by fruits of Momordica charantia L. imported from Honduras, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the National Service of Agrifood Health and Safety (SENASA) of Honduras. The risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Honduras were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the potential pest pressure in the field, the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest in the field and in the packinghouse, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. For T. palmi on M. charantia fruits from Honduras, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures acting on T. palmi, including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 9,406 and 10,000 M. charantia fruits per 10,000 will be free from T. palmi

The use of the so‐called ‘tubs’ for transporting and storing fresh fishery products

On‐land transport/storage of fresh fishery products (FFP) for up to 3 days in ‘tubs’ of three‐layered poly‐ethylene filled with freshwater and ice was compared to the currently authorised practice (fish boxes of high‐density poly‐ethylene filled with ice). The impact on the survival and growth of biological hazards in fish and the histamine production in fish species associated with a high amount of histidine was assessed. In different modelling scenarios, the FFP are stored on‐board in freshwater or seawater/ice (in tubs) and once on‐land they are ‘handled’ (i.e. sorted or gutted and/or filleted) and transferred to either tubs or boxes. The temperature of the FFP was assumed to be the most influential factor affecting relevant hazards. Under reasonably foreseeable ‘abusive’ scenarios and using a conservative modelling approach, the growth of the relevant hazards (i.e. Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas spp. and non‐proteolytic Clostridium botulinum), is expected to be < 0.2 log10 units higher in tubs than in boxes after 3 days when the initial temperature of the fish is 0°C (‘keeping’ process). Starting at 7°C (‘cooling‐keeping’ process), the expected difference in the growth potential is higher (< 1 log10 for A. hydrophila and < 0.5 log10 for the other two hazards) due to the poorer cooling capacity of water and ice (tub) compared with ice (box). The survival of relevant hazards is not or is negligibly impacted. Histamine formation due to growth of Morganella psychrotolerans under the ‘keeping’ or ‘cooling‐keeping’ process can be up to 0.4 ppm and 1.5 ppm higher, respectively, in tubs as compared to boxes after 3 days, without reaching the legal limit of 100 ppm. The water uptake associated with the storage of the FFP in tubs (which may be up to 6%) does not make a relevant contribution to the differences in microbial growth potential compared to boxes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Commodity risk assessment of Ficus carica plants from Israel

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. This Scientific Opinion covers the plant health risks posed by the following commodities: (i) dormant and free of leaves 1-year-old bare rooted plants and (ii) free of leaves 1-year-old liners of Ficus carica imported from Israel, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Israel. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. Four EU quarantine pests, Euwallacea fornicatus, Hypothenemus leprieuri, Scirtothrips dorsalis and Spodoptera frugiperda, and 11 EU nonregulated pests fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Israel were evaluated separately for bare rooted plants and for liners, taking into account the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement was given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The estimated degree of pest freedom varied among the pests evaluated. Aonidiella orientalis and Russellaspis pustulans were the most frequently expected pests on the imported bare rooted plants, and Scirtothrips dorsalis on liners. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,585 and 10,000 bare rooted plants per 10,000 would be free of Aonidiella orientalis and Russellaspis pustulans and between 9,456 and 10,000 liners per 10,000 would be free of Scirtothrips dorsalis

Commodity risk assessment of Momordica charantia fruits from Mexico

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. Momordica fruits originating from countries where Thrips palmi is known to occur qualify as high risk plants. This Scientific Opinion covers the introduction risk for T. palmi posed by fruits of Momordica charantia L. imported from Mexico, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the National Service of Health, Safety and Agrifood Quality (Senasica) of Mexico. The risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Mexico were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the potential pest pressure in the field, the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest in the field and in the packinghouse, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. For T. palmi on M. charantia fruits from Mexico, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures acting on T. palmi, including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 9,492 and 10,000 M. charantia fruits per 10,000 will be free from T. palmi

Evaluation of a paper by Guarnaccia et al. (2017) on the first report of Phyllosticta citricarpa in Europe

27The Plant Health Panel reviewed the paper by Guarnaccia et al. (2017) and compared theirfindingswith previous predictions on the establishment ofPhyllosticta citricarpa. Four species ofPhyllostictawere found by Guarnaccia et al. (2017) in Europe.P. citricarpaandP. capitalensisare well-definedspecies, withP. citricarparecorded for thefirst time in Europe, confirming predictions by Magareyet al. (2015) and EFSA (2008, 2014, 2016) thatP. citricarpacan establish in some European citrus-growing regions. Two new speciesP. paracitricarpaandP. paracapitalensiswere also described, withP. paracitricarpa(found only in Greece) shown to be pathogenic on sweet orange fruits.Genotyping oftheP. citricarpaisolates suggests at least two independent introductions, with the population inPortugal being different from that present in Malta and Italy.P. citricarpaandP. paracitricarpawereisolated only from leaf litter in backyards. However, sinceP. citricarpadoes not infect or colonise deadleaves, the pathogen must have infected the above living leaves in citrus trees nearby. Guarnacciaet al. (2017) considered introduction to be a consequence ofP. citricarpahaving long been present orof illegal movement of planting material. In the Panel’s view, the fruit pathway would be an equally ormore likely origin. The authors did not report how surveys for citrus black spot (CBS) disease werecarried out, therefore their claim that there was no CBS disease even where the pathogen was presentis not supported by the results presented. From previous simulations, the locations where Guarnacciaet al. (2017) foundP. citricarpaorP. paracitricarpawere conducive forP. citricarpaestablishment, withnumber of simulated infection events by pycnidiospores comparable to sites of CBS occurrence outsideEurope. Preliminary surveys by National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) have not confirmed sofar thefindings by Guarnaccia et al. (2017) but monitoring is still ongoingopenopenJeger, Michael; Bragard, Claude; Caffier, David; Candresse, Thierry; Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet; Dehnen‐Schmutz, Katharina; Gilioli, Gianni; Grégoire, Jean‐Claude; Jaques Miret, Josep Anton; MacLeod, Alan; Navajas Navarro, Maria; Niere, Björn; Parnell, Stephen; Potting, Roel; Rafoss, Trond; Rossi, Vittorio; Urek, Gregor; Van Bruggen, Ariena; Van Der Werf, Wopke; West, Jonathan; Winter, Stephan; Baker, Richard; Fraaije, Bart; Vicent, Antonio; Behring, Carsten; Mosbach Schulz, Olaf; Stancanelli, GiuseppeJeger, Michael; Bragard, Claude; Caffier, David; Candresse, Thierry; Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet; Dehnen‐schmutz, Katharina; Gilioli, Gianni; Grégoire, Jean‐claude; Jaques Miret, Josep Anton; Macleod, Alan; Navajas Navarro, Maria; Niere, Björn; Parnell, Stephen; Potting, Roel; Rafoss, Trond; Rossi, Vittorio; Urek, Gregor; Van Bruggen, Ariena; Van Der Werf, Wopke; West, Jonathan; Winter, Stephan; Baker, Richard; Fraaije, Bart; Vicent, Antonio; Behring, Carsten; Mosbach Schulz, Olaf; Stancanelli, Giusepp