Reasons and misgivings of a heritage recognition: the olive grove landscapes of Andalusia

El 27 de enero de 2017, la UNESCO ha incluido al paisaje del olivar andaluz en una lista tentativa de futuros patrimonios mundiales, lo que presenta oficialmente en el mundo estos paisajes y exige mantener sus valores patrimoniales. Aquí se ofrece una lectura científica e interdisciplinar de las claves geográficas, históricas y estéticas que justifican tal consideración y también se presenta la problemática ambiental y social que está suponiendo para aquellos seculares paisajes la adopción de insumos y manejos insostenibles del olivo para adaptar sus producciones a un exigente mercado.Last 27th of January 2017, UNESCO included The Olive Grove Landscapes of Andalusia in a preliminary list of candidates to become part of World Heritage list, which would mean a global recognition of this landscape and its a call for maintaining their heritage values. The goal of this paper is to analyze, through a scientific and transdisciplinary approach, the arguments for and against such recognition. We thus explore the geographic, historic, cultural, and aesthetic reasons that would justify the inclusion of this landscape in the World Heritage list. Moreover, we aim to assess and discus the environmental and social challenges faced by olive agro-ecosystems as a result of recent industrial management and global demands

The cross-reading. Lectures of a landscape of Doñana from the interdisciplinary dialogue

La lectura correcta del paisaje y otras realidades complejas -en las que se mezclan unos elementos objetivos con unas emociones-requiere un método de descifrado que combine la observación y el análisis empírico de sus componentes con las deducciones más comprensivas, como parte de un diálogo interdisciplinar. Una pintora, un historiador, una geógrafa y un novelista –viejos investigadores de Doñana, desde sus respectivas disciplinas- hemos decidido formar un equipo de trabajo que, en base a un método de lectura dialogada del paisaje (Ojeda, 2013), se atreva a ensayar la lectura compartida de un paisaje significativo de este Parque Nacional: La genesíaca Retuerta. Este diálogo de disciplinas humanísticas ante un paisaje poco conocido por el público por situarse en la Reserva Biológica de Doñana, conducirá a nuevas interpretaciones, creatividades y relatos originales y sorprendentes de la Retuerta, que serán nuevos eslabones de las cadenas de su comprensión hermenéutica y su valoración patrimonial.The correct reading of the landscape and other complex realities- -which cross is objective elements with emotions and affections – requires a method of deciphering and interpretation, combining analytical with comprehensive deductions in the framework of an interdisciplinary dialogue. A painter, a historian, a geographer and a novelist - some researchers from Doñana, from their respective disciplines - we have decided to form a team that, based on a method of reading the landscape (Ojeda, 2013), dares to Rehearse the shared reading of a significant landscape of this National Park: The original Retuerta. This dialogue of a humanistic disciplines before a landscape little known by the public to be located in the Biological Reserve of Doñana, will lead to new interpretations, creatives and original and surprising stories of Retuerta, which will be new links to the chain his hermeneutic understanding and granting him a bonus of appreciation and patrimonial valuation

La mirada promiscua. Ensayo de lectura de un paisaje de Doñana desde el diálogo interdisciplinar.

La lectura correcta del paisaje y otras realidades complejas -en las que se mezclan unos elementos objetivos con unas emociones-requiere un método de descifrado que combine la observación y el análisis empírico de sus componentes con las deducciones más comprensivas, como parte de un diálogo interdisciplinar. Una pintora, un historiador, una geógrafa y un novelista –viejos investigadores de Doñana, desde sus respectivas disciplinas- hemos decidido formar un equipo de trabajo que, en base a un método de lectura dialogada del paisaje (Ojeda, 2013), se atreva a ensayar la lectura compartida de un paisaje significativo de este Parque Nacional: La genesíaca Retuerta. Este diálogo de disciplinas humanísticas ante un paisaje poco conocido por el público por situarse en la Reserva Biológica de Doñana, conducirá a nuevas interpretaciones, creatividades y relatos originales y sorprendentes de la Retuerta, que serán nuevos eslabones de las cadenas de su comprensión hermenéutica y su valoración patrimonial.The correct reading of the landscape and other complex realities- -which cross is objective elements with emotions and affections – requires a method of deciphering and interpretation, combining analytical with comprehensive deductions in the framework of an interdisciplinary dialogue. A painter, a historian, a geographer and a novelist - some researchers from Doñana, from their respective disciplines - we have decided to form a team that, based on a method of reading the landscape (Ojeda, 2013), dares to Rehearse the shared reading of a significant landscape of this National Park: The original Retuerta. This dialogue of a humanistic disciplines before a landscape little known by the public to be located in the Biological Reserve of Doñana, will lead to new interpretations, creatives and original and surprising stories of Retuerta, which will be new links to the chain his hermeneutic understanding and granting him a bonus of appreciation and patrimonial valuation

The stream of water. Humanistic dialogue about the landscapes of the Marismas del Guadalquivir

El diálogo humanista y transdisciplinar es el instrumento que nos permite ensayar unas lecturas compartidas de tres paisajes de las marismas del Guadalquivir, considerados como tesis (paisaje primigenio de la Retuerta, la Vera del parque nacional Doñana), antítesis (paisaje colonial y arrocero de la Isla Mayor) y síntesis (paisaje simbólico de la Madre–El Rocío) en la configuración territorial y paisajística de aquel espacio singular. Fascinados por unos ambientes marismeños en los que nacimos, de los que huimos para crecer y a los que recurrimos continuamente, asumimos la convicción hermenéutica de que cualquier paisaje se encuentra en un estado de interpretación al que hay que acceder para comprenderlo en toda su plenitud y poder añadir algún eslabón a su cadena interpretativa. La esperanza de que la sinergia de nuestra convergencia generará emergencias es el motor que nos empuja a leer, comprender y buscar nuevos relatos y creatividades de nuestros viejos paisajes.El diàleg humanista i transdisciplinari és l’instrument que ens permet assajar unes lectures compartides de tres paisatges dels aiguamolls del Guadalquivir, considerats com a tesi (paisatge primigeni de la Retuerta, la Vera del Parc Nacional de Doñana), antítesi (paisatge colonial i arrossar de la Isla Mayor) i síntesi (paisatge simbòlic de la Madre–El Rocío) en la configuració territorial i paisatgística d’aquell espai singular. Fascinats per uns ambients d’aiguamolls en els quals vam néixer, dels quals vam fugir per créixer i als quals recorrem contínuament, assumim la convicció hermenèutica que qualsevol paisatge es troba en un estat d’interpretació a què cal accedir per comprendre’l en tota la seva plenitud i poder afegir algun enllaç en la seva cadena interpretativa. L’esperança que la sinergia de la nostra convergència generarà emergències és el motor que ens empeny a llegir, comprendre i buscar nous relats i creativitats dels nostres vells paisatges.The humanistic and multi-disciplinary dialogue is the tool that allows us to assay shared interpretations of three landscapes of the Marismas del Guadalquivir. These landscapes are consider as; thesis (Original Lanscape of the Retuerta, shore of the Doñana National Park), antithesis (Colonial and rice landscape of Isla Mayor), and synthesis (Symbolic landscape of La Madre–El Rocío–) of the territorial and landscape configuration of that remarkable space. Fascinated with the marshlands environments and landscapes where we were born, from where we escaped to grow up but, the ones we constantly appeal; we assume the hermeneutics conviction that any landscape is under a continually stage of interpretation to which you have to access in order to fully understand its meaning and, to be able to add more links to its interpretive chain. The synergy of our conviction will generate new interpretations, which will drive us to read, understand and seek for new stories about our old landscapes

El decurso del agua. Diálogo humanista ante paisajes de las marismas del Guadalquivir

El diàleg humanista i transdisciplinari és l'instrument que ens permet assajar unes lectures compartides de tres paisatges dels aiguamolls del Guadalquivir, considerats com a tesi (paisatge primigeni de la Retuerta, la Vera del Parc Nacional de Doñana), antítesi (paisatge colonial i arrossar de la Isla Mayor) i síntesi (paisatge simbòlic de la Madre–El Rocío) en la configuració territorial i paisatgística d'aquell espai singular. Fascinats per uns ambients d'aiguamolls en els quals vam néixer, dels quals vam fugir per créixer i als quals recorrem contínuament, assumim la convicció hermenèutica que qualsevol paisatge es troba en un estat d'interpretació a què cal accedir per comprendre'l en tota la seva plenitud i poder afegir algun enllaç en la seva cadena interpretativa. L'esperança que la sinergia de la nostra convergència generarà emergències és el motor que ens empeny a llegir, comprendre i buscar nous relats i creativitats dels nostres vells paisatges.The humanistic and multi-disciplinary dialogue is the tool that allows us to assay shared interpretations of three landscapes of the Marismas del Guadalquivir. These landscapes are consider as; thesis (Original Lanscape of the Retuerta, shore of the Doñana National Park), antithesis (Colonial and rice landscape of Isla Mayor), and synthesis (Symbolic landscape of La Madre–El Rocío–) of the territorial and landscape configuration of that remarkable space. Fascinated with the marshlands environments and landscapes where we were born, from where we escaped to grow up but, the ones we constantly appeal; we assume the hermeneutics conviction that any landscape is under a continually stage of interpretation to which you have to access in order to fully understand its meaning and, to be able to add more links to its interpretive chain. The synergy of our conviction will generate new interpretations, which will drive us to read, understand and seek for new stories about our old landscapes.El diálogo humanista y transdisciplinar es el instrumento que nos permite ensayar unas lecturas compartidas de tres paisajes de las marismas del Guadalquivir, considerados como tesis (paisaje primigenio de la Retuerta, la Vera del parque nacional Doñana), antítesis (paisaje colonial y arrocero de la Isla Mayor) y síntesis (paisaje simbólico de la Madre–El Rocío) en la configuración territorial y paisajística de aquel espacio singular. Fascinados por unos ambientes marismeños en los que nacimos, de los que huimos para crecer y a los que recurrimos continuamente, asumimos la convicción hermenéutica de que cualquier paisaje se encuentra en un estado de interpretación al que hay que acceder para comprenderlo en toda su plenitud y poder añadir algún eslabón a su cadena interpretativa. La esperanza de que la sinergia de nuestra convergencia generará emergencias es el motor que nos empuja a leer, comprender y buscar nuevos relatos y creatividades de nuestros viejos paisajes

Dehesas de Sierra Morena y políticas agroambientales comunitarias

This paper tries to think about the environmental and agricultura european policies applied to the montainous «dehesas» of Sierra Morena. After setting up the regulation principles of the traditional dehesas its breaking up after the economic development stage was analized. The opportunities of reequilibrium for this agrosystem making use of the european community policy were also investigated. The main conclusion of this study was that the european applied measures have not produced, so far, the expected positive effects. The programs that fall most heavily on this system (cattle aids, reforestation programs, compensating indemnifications...) have not been conceived for the dehesas recuperation as a whole. This is why the effect can only be noticiable separately on each element without looking at the repercussions over the system alltogether. Finally, positions are taken towards a wide sense strategy for this agrosystem recuperation based on the ancient wisdom of its inhabitants about this landscape and territory.Este artículo es una reflexión sobre las aplicaciones de las políticas agroambientales comunitarias en las dehesas de Sierra Morena. Tras la presentación de los principios reguladores de las dehesas tradicionales y el análisis de su desarticulación en la etapa desarroUista, se intenta averiguar las posibilidades que ofrecen las políticas comunitarias para restablecer este agrosistema. La principal conclusión del estudio es que las medidas aplicadas no están produciendo el efecto positivo esperado. Los programas con una mayor incidencia (primas ganaderas, programa de reforestación, indemnizaciones compensatorias...) no han sido diseñados pensando en la recuperación de la dehesa, de haí que no pasen de incidir de manera aislada en cada uno de sus componentes, sin tener en cuenta las repercusiones sobre el conjimto. En definitiva, se termina abogando por la búsqueda de una estrategia globalizadora para la recuperación de este agrosistema, cimentada en la secular sabiduría que tienen de este espacio y estos paisajes sus pobladores de siempre. [fr] Cet article est une réflexion sur les applications des politiques agro-environementales communautaires dans les «dehesas» de Sierra Morena. Après la presentation des principes régulateurs des «dehesas» traditionelles et l'analyse de sa desarticulation lors de l'étape de développemente (années 60), nous essayons de vérifier les possibilitésqu'offrent les politiques communautaires pour rétablir cet agrosystème. La pricipale conclusion de l'étude est que les mesures appliquées ne produisent pas l'effect attendu. Les programmes ayant le plus d'incidence (prime à l'élevage, programme de reforestation, indemnisations compensatoires...) n'ont pas été développés en pensant à la récupération de la «dehesa» comme systèmes à part entière, ce qui ne veut pourtant pas dire qu'ils n'aient pas une influence isolée sur chacun de ses composants, mais ils n'ont pas de répercution sur l'ensemble. Enfln, nous terminons en plaidant pour la recherche d'une stratégie globalisante permettant la sauvegarde de cet agro-système, ancrée dans la culture ancestrale de ses populations et traduite dans l'espace et les paysages

Les espaces naturels, ces « nouveaux territoires »

Les conséquences territoriales, économiques et sociales des politiques de protection de la nature, de développement local et de tourisme vert sont analysées dans un premier temps. Puis les auteurs vérifient, dans le cas d'un espace « emblématique » - le parc naturel de Grazalema -, l'hypothèse selon laquelle les perceptions d'un espace protégé diffèrent si profondément, selon qu'elles sont le fait des habitants, des visiteurs ou des administrations, qu'elles deviennent un facteur décisif de sa gestion quotidienne et de sa conservation future. Natural spaces as « new territories ». development policies, perceptions, prospects. The territorial policies preserving natural spaces as well as concerning local development and rural tourism are analysed in regard to their socio-economic consequences. Considered as an « emblematic » space, the Grazalema Natural Park provides the opportunity to test the very differing perceptions of a natural space by either the inhabitants, the visitors or the administrative agents and authorities. It appears that the wide range of perceptions greatly influences daily management and future preservation. Los espacios naturales como « nuevos territorios ». Políticas valorizadoras, percepciones y expectativas sobre los mismos. En la primera parte se analizan las consecuencias territoriales, económicas y sociales de las políticas de protección de la naturaleza, de desarrollo local y de turismo rural. En la segunda parte, se aplica a un espacio protegido emblemático de Andalucía (el Parque Natural de Grazalema) las hipótesis según las cuales las percepciones de un territorio protegido por parte de sus habitantes, visitantes y administraciones gestoras son tan diferentes que se convierten en condicionante fundamental de su gestión cotidiana y de su permanencia futura

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Ecology and history of a wooded landscape in southern Spain

10 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, 23 references.An extensive oak woodland, of about 1000 km2, dominated by evergreen cork oak (Quercus suber) and semideciduous Q. canariensis, is found in southern Spain, near the Strait of Gibraltar, and contrasts with the paradigm of deforested Mediterranean mountains. Several factors, ecological, geographical and historical, have contributed to the origin and maintenance of this forested landscape. The rough relief and the acidic, nutrient-poor soils (derived from Oligo-Miocene sandstone) made tbis area unsuitable for cultivation. The oceanic influence favours the growth of oak trees. In particular, the cork oak is well suited to acidic soils and the humid Mediterranean climate. Three historical milestones seem relevant to the preservation of this woodland. Its location at a frontier during medieval times (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries) discouraged villages and reduced human pressure on the woodland resources. The rise of the value of cork he1ped to preserve the cork oak woodland during early nineteenth century industrial times. Contemporary consciousness about the conservation of woodland landscapes (somewhat unusual in the Mediterranean region) led to their designation as Los Alcornocales (meaning 'The cork oak woodlands') Natural Park, devoted to the development of the region.Supported by the Spanish DGICYT (project 91/894)Peer reviewe