267 research outputs found
Trichoderma: A part of possible answer towards crop residue disposal
India is one of the leading countries in agricultural production and generate large volume of crop residue. Increasing demand for food grains due to growing population leads to generation of crop residues. Due to lack of proper disposal mechanism of crop residue, farmers burn the residue which release greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, and poses great threat to environment as well as human health. The residue burning causes greater carbon emission and nutrient losses which otherwise incorporated into the soil system may substantially improve the soil biodiversity. Besides several practices of crop residue management, the most feasible method for farmers is incorporation of residue into the soil with the inoculation of microbes. In soil system the ability of microbial community in degrading organic substances is well known. In the early stages of residue decomposition simple substrates like carbohydrates are degraded by bacteria, but in later stages degradation of complex constituents viz., cellulose, lignin needs microbes which are capable of secreting enzymes like cellulase, acting on complex organic substrates. In this context, cellulolytic micro organisms like Trichoderma have the potential and emerging as an important microbial inoculants to enhance the rate of decomposition as well as alleviate the effect of residue burning
Radiotherapy for marginally resected, unresectable or recurrent giant cell tumor of the bone: a rare cancer network study
The role of radiotherapy for local control of marginally resected, unresectable, and recurrent giant cell tumors of bone (GCToB) has not been well defined. The number of patients affected by this rare disease is low. We present a series of 58 patients with biopsy proven GCToB who were treated with radiation therapy. A retrospective review of the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of GCToB was conducted in participating institutions of the Rare Cancer Network. Eligibility criteria consisted of the use of radiotherapy for marginally resected, unresectable, and recurrent GCToB. Fifty-eight patients with biopsy proven GCToB were analyzed from 9 participating North American and European institutions. Forty-five patients had a primary tumor and 13 patients had a recurrent tumor. Median radiation dose was 50 Gy in a median of 25 fractions. Indication for radiation therapy was marginal resection in 33 patients, unresectable tumor in 13 patients, recurrence in 9 patients and palliation in 2 patients. Median tumor size was 7.0 cm. A significant proportion of the tumors involved critical structures. Median follow-up was 8.0 years. Five year local control was 85% . Of the 7 local failures, 3 were treated successfully with salvage surgery. All patients who received palliation achieved symptom relief. Five year overall survival was 94%. None of the patients experienced grade 3 or higher acute toxicity. This study reports a large published experience in the treatment of GCToB with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy can provide excellent local control for incompletely resected, unresectable or recurrent GCToB with acceptable morbidity
500,000 Years of Environmental History in Eastern Anatolia: The PALEOVAN Drilling Project
International Continental Scientific Drilling Program
(ICDP) drilled a complete succession of the lacustrine sediment
sequence deposited during the last ~500,000 years in
Lake Van, Eastern Anatolia (Turkey). Based on a detailed
seismic site survey, two sites at a water depth of up to 360 m
were drilled in summer 2010, and cores were retrieved from
sub-lake-floor depths of 140 m (Northern Basin) and 220 m
(Ahlat Ridge). To obtain a complete sedimentary section, the
two sites were multiple-cored in order to investigate the paleoclimate
history of a sensitive semi-arid region between the
Black, Caspian, and Mediterranean seas. Further scientific
goals of the PALEOVAN project are the reconstruction of
earthquake activity, as well as the temporal, spatial, and
compositional evolution of volcanism as reflected in the deposition
of tephra layers. The sediments host organic matter
from different sources and hence composition, which will be
unravelled using biomarkers. Pathways for migration of continental
and mantle-derived noble gases will be analyzed in
pore waters. Preliminary 40Ar/39Ar single crystal dating of
tephra layers and pollen analyses suggest that the Ahlat
Ridge record encompasses more than half a million years of
paleoclimate and volcanic/geodynamic history, providing
the longest continental record in the entire Near East to
date
Measurements of elliptic and triangular flow in high-multiplicity HeAu collisions at GeV
We present the first measurement of elliptic () and triangular ()
flow in high-multiplicity HeAu collisions at
GeV. Two-particle correlations, where the particles have a large separation in
pseudorapidity, are compared in HeAu and in collisions and
indicate that collective effects dominate the second and third Fourier
components for the correlations observed in the HeAu system. The
collective behavior is quantified in terms of elliptic and triangular
anisotropy coefficients measured with respect to their corresponding
event planes. The values are comparable to those previously measured in
Au collisions at the same nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy.
Comparison with various theoretical predictions are made, including to models
where the hot spots created by the impact of the three He nucleons on the
Au nucleus expand hydrodynamically to generate the triangular flow. The
agreement of these models with data may indicate the formation of low-viscosity
quark-gluon plasma even in these small collision systems.Comment: 630 authors, 9 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. v2 is the version accepted
for publication by Physical Review Letters. Plain text data tables for the
points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or
will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
Transverse energy production and charged-particle multiplicity at midrapidity in various systems from to 200 GeV
Measurements of midrapidity charged particle multiplicity distributions,
, and midrapidity transverse-energy distributions,
, are presented for a variety of collision systems and energies.
Included are distributions for AuAu collisions at ,
130, 62.4, 39, 27, 19.6, 14.5, and 7.7 GeV, CuCu collisions at
and 62.4 GeV, CuAu collisions at
GeV, UU collisions at GeV,
Au collisions at GeV, HeAu collisions at
GeV, and collisions at
GeV. Centrality-dependent distributions at midrapidity are presented in terms
of the number of nucleon participants, , and the number of
constituent quark participants, . For all collisions
down to GeV, it is observed that the midrapidity data
are better described by scaling with than scaling with . Also presented are estimates of the Bjorken energy density,
, and the ratio of to ,
the latter of which is seen to be constant as a function of centrality for all
systems.Comment: 706 authors, 32 pages, 20 figures, 34 tables, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010,
2011, and 2012 data. v2 is version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Single electron yields from semileptonic charm and bottom hadron decays in AuAu collisions at GeV
The PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured
open heavy-flavor production in minimum bias AuAu collisions at
GeV via the yields of electrons from semileptonic decays
of charm and bottom hadrons. Previous heavy-flavor electron measurements
indicated substantial modification in the momentum distribution of the parent
heavy quarks due to the quark-gluon plasma created in these collisions. For the
first time, using the PHENIX silicon vertex detector to measure precision
displaced tracking, the relative contributions from charm and bottom hadrons to
these electrons as a function of transverse momentum are measured in AuAu
collisions. We compare the fraction of electrons from bottom hadrons to
previously published results extracted from electron-hadron correlations in
collisions at GeV and find the fractions to be
similar within the large uncertainties on both measurements for
GeV/. We use the bottom electron fractions in AuAu and along
with the previously measured heavy flavor electron to calculate the
for electrons from charm and bottom hadron decays separately. We find
that electrons from bottom hadron decays are less suppressed than those from
charm for the region GeV/.Comment: 432 authors, 33 pages, 23 figures, 2 tables, 2011 data. v2 is version
accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the
points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or
will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
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